1. DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis

2. DNA review
What are the components of a nucleotide: 1. a deoxyribose sugar 2. a phosphate group 3. one of the four nitrogenous base What nitrogenous bases pair together in DNA: Adenine with Thymine Cytosine with Guanine

3. The sequence of bases in DNA forms the
Genetic Code
A group of three bases (a triplet) controls the production of a particular amino acid in the cytoplasm of the cell.
The different amino acids and the order in which they are joined up determines the sort of protein being produced.

4. A sequence of triplets in the DNA molecule may code for a complete protein.
Such a sequence forms a gene.
Gene: a sequence of nucleotide bases that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait.
There may be a thousand or more bases in one gene.

5. Proteins Proteins are Hormones Enzymes Antibodies
Proteins are used for
Repair and Maintenance
Energy
Proteins are made up of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
The long chain of amino acids are called polypeptides.

6. DNA is found inside the nucleus of eukaryotes
Proteins, however, are made in the cytoplasm of cells by the ribosomes
Ribosomes may be free-floating or attached to the surface of rough ER

7. Protein Synthesis- How the genetic code in the nucleus (contained in DNA) gets to the ribosome (to build a protein)

8. LiveSlide Site

9. DNA versus RNA DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNA is double stranded
DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose
DNA is the master plan in code
RNA stands for Ribonucleic Acid
RNA is single stranded
RNA has the sugar ribose
RNA is the transcription of that code

10. DNA versus
RNA
DNA contains thymine
RNA contains uracil

11. Three Types of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA): copies DNA’s code and carries the genetic information to the ribosomes
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): along with proteins, makes up the ribosomes
Transfer RNA (tRNA): transfers amino acids to the ribosomes to help synthesize proteins

12. From DNA to a protein
The sequences of bases in DNA code for various genes. Cells use the DNA code to build (synthesize) proteins. This process includes 2 steps: 1. Transcription 2. Translation

13. Transcription
Within the nucleus, DNA is transcribed (copied) into messenger RNA (mRNA)
Given the following DNA code, write out the complimentary RNA strand:
A  U
C  G
T  A
G  C

14. Transcription

15. Translation
Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings the matching amino acids to build the protein *proteins are made up of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
mRNA then travels to the ribosome, made up of rRNA and proteins, where the genetic code is translated.

16. Translation

17. Translation

19. Determining amino acid sequence
Start in the middle and move out.
Examples:
AAG
The genetic code shows the amino acid to which each of the 64 possible codons corresponds. To decode a codon, start at the middle of the circle and move outward.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

20. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Start in the middle and move out.
Examples:
AAG
UCA
The genetic code shows the amino acid to which each of the 64 possible codons corresponds. To decode a codon, start at the middle of the circle and move outward.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

21. Examples:
GCA

22. Examples:
GCA
CAG