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Biology
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2–3 Carbon Compounds
Photo Credit: © John Conrad/CORBIS
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3. The Chemistry of Carbon
Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms.
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versatility
Carbon has four valence electrons.
It can make four bonds, either with other carbon atoms or atoms of multiple kinds of elements.
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Macromolecules
Macromolecules
Macromolecules are formed by a process known as polymerization.
Monomers
Polymers
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Four groups of organic compounds found in living things are:
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids
proteins
Macromolecules
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Carbohydrates
What is the function of carbohydrates?
Source of Energy
Structure
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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1 : 2 : 1.
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Carbohydrates
Different sizes of carbohydrates:
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
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Carbohydrates
Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates that are used by living things as a source of energy.
Examples:
Cellulose
Starch
Glycogen
Starch
Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates that are used by living things as a source of energy. Starches form when sugars join together in a long chain.
Glucose
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Composition
Lipids are made up mostly of atoms of carbon and hydrogen.
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Lipids
Lipids
Lipids are generally not soluble in water.
The common categories of lipids are:
fats
oils
waxes
steroids
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Q. 15
Many lipids are formed when a glycerol molecule combines with compounds called fatty acids.
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Lipids
Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.
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Q 16
Fats are used in living things:
As important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.
Steroids, which act as chemical messengers are also lipids.
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Lipids
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Saturated lipids: contain only single bonds between the carbons in the fatty acid chain.
Unsaturated lipids contain at least one double bond.
Polyunsaturated have more than one double bond.
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides.
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides consist of three parts:
a 5-carbon sugar
a phosphate group
a nitrogenous base
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information.
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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Proteins
Proteins
Proteins are macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
polymers of molecules called amino acids.
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Proteins
Amino acids
Amino acids are the monomers of proteins. All amino acids have an amino group at one end and a carboxyl group at the other end.
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Proteins
The portion of each amino acid that is different is a side chain called an R-group.
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Proteins
The instructions for arranging amino acids into many different proteins are stored in DNA.
Protein Molecule
Amino
Acids
Proteins help to carry out chemical reactions, transport small molecules in and out of cells, and fight diseases. Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids folded into complex structures.
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Proteins
Some functions of proteins:
Control rate of reactions – Enzymes
Used to form bones and muscles
Transport substances into or out of cells
Help to fight disease - antibodies
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2–3
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2–3
Large carbohydrate molecules such as starch are known as
lipids.
monosaccharides.
proteins.
polysaccharides.
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2–3
Many lipids are formed from glycerol and
fatty acids.
monosaccharides.
amino acids.
nucleic acids.
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2–3
Proteins are among the most diverse macromolecules because
they contain both amino groups and carboxyl groups.
they can twist and fold into many different and complex structures.
they contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
their R groups can be either acidic or basic.
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2–3
Which of the following statements about cellulose is true?
Animals make it and use it to store energy.
Plants make it and use it to store energy.
Animals make it and use it as part of the skeleton.
Plants make it and use it to give structural support to cells.
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2–3
A major difference between polysaccharides and proteins is that
plants make polysaccharides, while animals make proteins.
proteins are made of monomers, while polysaccharides are not.
polysaccharides are made of monosaccharides, while proteins are made of amino acids.
proteins carry genetic information, while polysaccharides do not.
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