1. CHAPTER 8 Deviance and Social Control
Sociology
2/22/2019
CHAPTER 8 Deviance and Social Control
Section 1: Deviance
Section 2: Crime
Chapter 8

2. Objectives: Section 1: Deviance
Explain the nature and social functions of deviance.
Compare the theories that have been proposed to explain deviance.

3. If asked, would you label yourself
as a deviant person?

4. What is deviant behavior?
With a partner, list at least 10 deviant acts.
Are all acts of deviance bad?

5. Conformity Behavior that matches group expectations
It’s taking those social norms we learned about actually abiding by them!
Ex: Come to work or school on time
Use a fork to eat peas
Don’t steal other people’s things

6. Deviance Behavior that violates significant social norms.
Continuously talking to oneself in public
Drag racing on a street or highway
Using illegal drugs
A man wearing women’s clothing
Attacking another person with a weapon

7. Deviance Some examples are clear cut—murder, robbery
Others acts vary from group to group and/or change over time
e.g. Tattoos & body piercing are now common but 25 years ago it would have been deviant to have a tattoo or for a man to have pierced ears

8. Nature of Deviance Section 1: Deviance
Because there are so many norms governing behavior, occasional violations are unavoidable
What is considered deviant varies from society to society
Every society has countless norms which govern behavior.
NOT all norm violations are considered deviant.

9. What is considered deviant can vary from society to society.
Divorce is legal in the US
Divorce is illegal in the Philippines
Typically repeating an offense can label you as deviant.
Two components required to label you as deviant.
You must be committing a deviant act
You must be stigmatized by society.

10. Stigma
The mark of social disgrace that sets the deviant apart from the rest of society.
Stigmas have been used as a form of social control throughout history.
Example: Ancient Greeks would burn symbols into the bodies of criminals to warn others.
Example: Prison inmates wear uniformed
clothing and are assigned a number.
(Visual Stigma)

11. When sociologists talk about stigmas they are usually referring to the negative social reactions that result from being labeled deviant.
That person is no longer seen as being normal or whole by society.

12. Is there a stigma of obesity??
What do you think??
Is there a stigma of obesity??

13. Social Functions of Deviance
Section 1: Deviance
Social Functions of Deviance
Clarifying Norms – defines the boundaries of acceptable behavior
EX: Harsh prison sentences are intended to discourage crime.
Unifying the Group – serves to draw the line between conforming members of society and “outsiders” – the nonconforming members.
EX: Reinforces the sense of community and belief in shared values.

14. Diffusing Tension – acts that allow individuals to relieve tension without disrupting the basic fabric of society.
EX: Picketing

15. Section 1: Deviance
Promoting Social Change – can help prompt social change by identifying problem areas. EX: When large numbers of people violate a particular norm, then action must be taken to correct situation.
Providing Jobs – provides legitimate jobs for a wide range of people.
EX: Judges, lawyers, police officers, prison personnel, parole officers, etc….
Criminologists- social scientists who study criminal behavior.

16. Pg. 178 American Youth Gangs Read & answer #1 & #2

17. 3 sociological perspectives explaining deviance
Why are people deviant?
3 sociological perspectives explaining deviance
Functionalist perspective
Conflict perspective
Interactionalist perspective

18. Functionalist Theory

19. Functionalist Perspective
The major functionalist explanation, strain theory was developed by sociologist Robert K. Merton.
Strain Theory – views deviance is a natural part of society and is the natural outgrowth of the values, norms, and structure of society.
Example: Individuals may be prevented from finding a job b/c of social conditions or b/c of lack of education. They are expected, however, to meet the goal of finding a job-society judges them according to how well they do; so they act out.

20. Anomie
Under the strain of incompatible goals and means, these individuals fall victim to anomie.
Anomie – the situation that arises when the norms of society are unclear and no longer applicable.

21. Mode of Adaptation
Definition
Stand on Cultural Goals
Stand on Cultural Norms
Conformity
accept culturally approved goals and means of achieving these goals
Accept
Innovation
accept cultural goals, but do not accept the approved means to reaching these goals, devise new means for achieving goals
(become deviants)
Reject
Ritualism
find it impossible to achieve cultural goals by acceptable means, they abandon the goals while continuing expected rules of behavior
Retreatism
reject both cultural goals and acceptable means of attaining them, may drop out of society
Rebellion
want to substitute a new set of goals and means for the approved set
Reject and Replace

22. Conflict Theory

23. Conflict Perspective
Competition and social inequality lead to deviance.
There are those with power (Ruling Class) and those without (Lower Classes)
Ruling Class commits acts of deviance to maintain their power.
Lower Class commits acts of deviance to gain economic means or b/c of feelings of powerlessness.

24. to protect their power, ruling class establishes ideologies to explain deviance as a problem among lower class
law enforcement are directed toward the types of crimes committed by lower classes (results in higher arrest rates)
people without power do not necessarily commit more crimes than others, but are the types of crimes that are most likely to be detected and punished

25. Interactionist Perspective
Interactionists offer three major explanations of deviance:
Control Theory
Cultural Transmission Theory
Labeling Theory
Remember Interactionists are more interested in the individual and the thoughts and feelings of that individual.

26. Control Theory
Control Theorists are more interested in why the person conforms rather than the causes of deviance.
Looks at the social ties that are integrated into a community.
Strong Communities have less acts of deviance.
Weaker Communities have more acts of deviance.

27. Cultural Transmission Theory
This theory explains that deviance is a learned behavior through socialization.
The interaction of deviant individuals and others is more likely to cause deviant behavior.
The norms being taught are deviant.

28. Labeling Theory
Instead of focusing on why people perform deviant acts, labeling theory focuses on how individuals come to be identified as deviant.
Deviance is labeled in two ways
Primary Deviance
Nonconformity – goes undetected in society. Or occasional acts. Considered not deviant
Secondary Deviance
Results in the individual being labeled as Deviant…and accepting the label as true.

29. Degradation Ceremony The process of labeling an individual as deviant.
Public Setting – The individual is denounced, found guilty, and given the new identity of deviant.
People begin to judge practically all of his or her actions in light of the deviant label.
Deviant becomes the persons master status.

30. Theories of Deviance Section 1: Deviance
Functionalists – as the natural outgrowth of the values, norms, and structures of society
Conflict Theorists – as a result of competition and social inequality
Interactionists – as either natural in people with weak ties to the community (control theory), as a learned behavior (cultural transmission theory), or as a label (labeling theory)

31. Deviance SECTION 1 Perspective Theory Questions Functionalist
How do individuals respond to culturally approved goals and the legitimate means of achieving them? (conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion)
Strain
Conflict
What is the result of competition and social inequality? (deviance) Who decides what is deviant? (ruling classes)
Interactionist
Why do people conform to norms? (The strength of social ties determines conformity.)
Control
How do people learn conformity or deviance? (through socialization, or interaction with others) Where does this learning mainly occur? (primary groups)
Cultural Transmission
How do people become identified as deviant? (through secondary deviance, or being labeled as deviant)
Labeling

32. Objectives: Section 2: Crime
Identify the principal types of crime in the United States.
Explain the characteristics of the American criminal-justice system.

33. Principal Types of Crime in the U.S.
Section 2: Crime
Principal Types of Crime in the U.S.
Violent Crime – includes murder, robbery; most victims are African Americans
Robbery- larceny from the person or presence of another by violence or threat.
Crime Against Property – includes burglary, larceny, vehicle theft; more common than violent crimes.
Burglary- the act of breaking and entering a dwelling at night to commit a felony
Felony- a crime for which the punishment in federal law may be death or imprisonment for mote than one year.
Larceny- the unlawful taking and removal of another person's property.
Victimless Crime – includes prostitution, gambling, illegal drug use; offender is the only victim

34. Principal Types of Crime in the U.S.
Section 2: Crime
Principal Types of Crime in the U.S.
(continued)
White Collar Crime – committed by high-status individuals in the course of their professions; includes fraud, tax evasion, embezzlement
Organized Crime – the pursuit of crime as a big business
Bernie Madoff

35. The Criminal-Justice System:
Once a crime has been committed and reported, it falls under the jurisdiction of this.

36. AMERICAN CRIMINAL-JUSTICE SYSTEM
SECTION 2
Crime
AMERICAN CRIMINAL-JUSTICE SYSTEM
Police
Have the most control over who is arrested for crimes.
The use of police discretion, has raised the controversial issue of racial profiling

37. AMERICAN CRIMINAL-JUSTICE SYSTEM
SECTION 2
Crime
AMERICAN CRIMINAL-JUSTICE SYSTEM
Courts
Determines the accused’s guilt or innocence in a court trial.
The court assigns a punishment.
90 percent of cases are actually settled through plea bargaining.

38. AMERICAN CRIMINAL-JUSTICE SYSTEM
SECTION 2
Crime
AMERICAN CRIMINAL-JUSTICE SYSTEM
Corrections
Includes probation, imprisonment, and parole, which serves four functions:
Retribution- Revenge for the victims and for society.
Deterrence- Discourage offenders and non offenders from committing future crimes.
Rehabilitation- Serves to reform criminals so that they can return to society as law abiding citizens.
Social protection- Limit the freedom of criminals so
they cannot commit additional crimes.

39. Juvenile-Justice System
SECTION 2
Crime
AMERICAN CRIMINAL-JUSTICE SYSTEM
Juvenile-Justice System
Applies to offenders younger than 18.
Guarantees juvenile defendants the same legal rights and privileges as adults.
Often provides more services.

40. Gender & Crime
Throughout history, men have traditionally committed more crime than women.
In fact, 77% of people arrested are men.
This is a significant statistic because men make up less than 50% of the population.

41. Race & Crime
Although gender differences in crime statistics are fairly easy to distinguish, discussing a link between race and crime is controversial.
The major problem is the long history of racism in the United States.
African Americans make up about 12% of the population, but represent 30.4% of those arrested in the United States.

42. Some argue that different enforcement practices of police are responsible for these data.
Racial profiling is a controversial practice of targeting based on their race.
Sociologist Simon A. Cole shows that traffic police disproportionately stop people of color.
Jeffrey Reiman suggests that the police seek out the poor for arrest because the poor are easier to catch and easier to convict.

43. Reiman shows that the upper classes’ crimes are not prosecuted at the same rates.
For example, for more than 20 years, getting caught with 5 grams of crack cocaine gave you the same sentence as someone caught with 500 grams of powder cocaine
Conflict theorists might ask what social class used crack cocaine versus powder?

44. Age and Crime Essentially, crime is a young person’s game.
This idea is supported by the relationship between age and crime.
It indicates that the majority of arrests peak between the ages of 15 to 25.
According to Darrell Steffensmeier and Miles Harer, a 60% decrease in crime rates in the 1980s attributable to a decrease in the total number of year olds.

45. Crime Victimization - An International PerspectiveUS
Canada
England
France
Germany
Japan
Sexual Assault of women
1.4
0.8
0.9
0.3
0.4
Assault
4.3
3.0
5.8
2.1
2.7
Robbery
0.6
0.2
Burglary
2.5
2.0
3.5
1.6
Car Theft
1.1
1.8
0.1
% of pop. Feeling unsafe 19 17 32 21 30 35

46. Prisoners
The highest rates are in the South, while the lowest rates are in the North.
Some evidence shows that Southern states have higher incarceration rates because they are “tougher” on crime and assign longer sentences for offenders, whereas Northern states are somewhat more lenient in sentencing.

47. Prisons in America
Departments of corrections directs most states’ prison systems.
The title infers that prisons are supposed to correct the offender and assist in successful reintegration into society.

48. Unfortunately, the most likely outcome for inmates released from prison is to return to prison.
More than 50% of all inmates return to prison within three years of release.

49. Costs of Incarceration
The actual costs to incarcerate an individual are difficult to determine.
Although all states report a dollar amount, there are “hidden” costs associated with the incarcerated—the children left behind in the foster care system or families who must use the welfare system to survive.

50. These social costs can’t be factored in the prison budget, so the reported cost of incarceration never includes them.
Nevertheless, taxpayers are left to pay for the whole broken system.
Criminologists James Austin and John Irwin calculated these hidden costs and determined that it actually costs $30,000 a year to incarcerate a single inmate.
Using this estimate, Alabama taxpayers paid roughly $360,000 for the 12-year incarceration of Jerald Sanders (who stole a $60 bike)