1. 4.2 ECOSYSTEMS What is an ecosystem?
The BIOTIC and ABIOTIC factors in an ecosystem.

2. BIOTIC Factors ABIOTIC Factors
Living or biological influences on organisms
ABIOTIC Factors
Nonliving influences on organisms
Precipitation
Wind
Soil
Rocks
Air
Sunlight
Temperature

4. Biotic and Abiotic factors determine...
survival and growth of organisms
productivity of the ecosystem

5. HABITAT vs. NICHE Habitat Niche
The area in which an organism lives (organism’s specific home)
The role (JOB) the organism plays within its habitat
How does it interact with the biotic and abiotic factors??
Survival …What it eats, who eats it, how it eats, how it reproduces
Habitat
Niche
What is
Your niche?

6. Community Interactions
Competition – occurs when organisms attempt to use the same RESOURCE in the same place and time.
Resource – anything necessary for life
Direct Competition results in winner and loser (may not survive)

7. Competitive exclusion principle
no two species can occupy the same niche and habitat at the same time.

8. Organism hunts and feeds on another organism
H. Predation
Organism hunts and feeds on another organism
Predator
Prey
The organism that hunts (Eats)
- The organism that is hunted (eaten)

9. What makes predators better hunters???
Stealth -
Camouflage -
Immunity to Poisons
Keen Senses
Physical Structures
Poisonous Chemicals
Being very still, quiet, sneaky
Copying a color to blend in
Good sense of sight, hearing, smell
Spines, horns, Claws

10. How organisms prevent predation… (or being hunted)
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
Mimicry -
Warning Coloration -
Chemical Defense -
Playing dead -
Camouflage –
Groupings or
Increasing Size -
Physical Structures
Sounds
Looking like another organism
Uses color to warn predators
Poisons, bad odors
Ex. Opossums and birds
Copying a color to blend in
Organisms puff up or group together to scare of predators
Spines, Thorns, Horns, Claws Shells
Rattlesnake, lion roars…

11. "Red on yellow, kill a fellow. Red on black, won't hurt Jack."
MIMICRY
"Red on yellow, kill a fellow. Red on black, won't hurt Jack."

12. WARNING COLORATION

13. Chemical Defense

14. Camouflage

15. Groupings – Increase Size

16. Sounds
Physical Structures

17. Symbiosis (3 types)
Any relationship in which two species live closely together
Parasitism
Mutualism
Commensalism
one organism benefits
both organisms benefit
one organism benefits
one organism is harmed
one organism is unaffected

18. Parasites
Organisms that feed on or get nutrients from another organism.
Parasites live off of and weaken, they do not kill their host.
If they killed their host for food, they would be a ________________.
HOST – the organism the parasite feeds off of
Predator

19. Mutualism: both benefit
Example 2: Moray Eel with Cleaner Fish
Moray Eel gets a clean mouth Cleaner Fish gets a meal
Mutualism: both benefit

20. Example 3: Cattle with cattle egrets
Cattle stir up insects as they eat grass Egrets hang around and eat insects
Commensalism: one benefits, one is unaffected

21. Example 4: Clown fish with anemone
Clown fish gets protection Anemone gets food
Mutualism: both benefit

22. Example 5: Taenia worm in human eye
Worm infects human blood stream Human may go blind
Parasitism: one benefits, one is harmed

23. Orchid and Tree (unharmed)
Commensalism

24. one benefits , one is harmed
Example 6:
Deer and Tick
Parasitism
one benefits , one is harmed

25. Example 1:
Shrimp & Goby Fish
The shrimp digs and cleans a burrow
Goby alerts the shrimp
Mutualism
both benefit

26. Lamprey sucks blood from fish
Parasitism
Lamprey sucks blood from fish

27. Mutualism
Ants (protects) & Aphids (produce sweet liquid for the ant to drink)

28. SUMMARY QUIZ??? What is MUTUALISM? Both Benefit
2. What is COMMENSALISM?
One benefits and one is unaffected
3. What is PARASITISM?
One benefits and one is harmed

29. Commensalism
Mites travel on the insect from one point to another…

30. Birds eat insects and parasites off of rhino
Mutualism
Birds eat insects and parasites off of rhino

31. Antelope gets rid of parasites Oxbird gets a meal
Mutualism
Antelope gets rid of parasites Oxbird gets a meal

33. Cleaner Fish & Larger Fish
Mutualism

34. Remora eat scraps from shark
Commensalism
Remora eat scraps from shark