1. Volcanoes and Earthquakes

2. Anywhere on Earth…
You may observe larger and smaller features on Earth’s surface called landforms that change slowly over time.
You may observe changes over time on Earth’s surface that happen as a result of changes inside the Earth’s interior.

3. What do Earth’s layers have to do with changes to landforms?
The crust, mantle, and core of the Earth interact to cause changes to Earth’s surface.

4. Inside the mantle…
Hot rock and metals are forced outward by the hot core.
Pockets of hot gas cause magma to want to escape.
The crust blocks the magma from escaping.

5. Inside the mantle…
Eventually magma and gas will build up a lot of pressure and can find a way to escape.
Magma usually escapes at the surface in between spaces where tectonic plates meet.
When magma escapes to the surface…

6. It creates a volcano
Over time, magma escapes to the surface as lava…then cools and hardens to form rock. When enough lava and ash builds up, a volcano is formed.

7. Inside the crust…
Heat and energy in the mantle causes tectonic plates of the crust to move.
Sometimes energy builds up underneath faults, areas where plates meet.

8. Inside the crust… Plates are always moving past and into each other.
Sometimes energy is released when plates move past each other forcibly. This creates an…

9. Earthquake …A massive release of energy inside the Earth’s crust.
Earthquakes cause plates and land on top to shift slowly over time.
Sometimes earthquakes are small…

10. Earthquake
…Sometimes earthquakes are massive.

11. Earthquakes and Volcanoes
…Volcanoes and Earthquakes happen on the surface of the Earth, but are caused by the heat and energy trapped inside the Earth.
Over time, they cause changes to landforms.

12. Think about this question…
What can humans do to protect ourselves against damage from earthquakes and volcanoes?