1. Learning Targets
Explain the purpose of a cladogram and use a cladogram to explain evolutionary relationships between species.
Describe hominid evolution and the relationship between hominids and other primate species.

2. Cladograms and Primates: Evolutionary Relationships

3. 
Cladograms
Cladograms are diagrams that depict the evolutionary relationships among species using shared ancestral and derived traits.
The relationships may be based on physical appearances: phenotypes.

4. 
Word origin
Cladogram is derived from the word clade: a group of organisms that includes an ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor. It is the branches on the cladogram . (Origin from the Greek: klados meaning branch.)

5. Traits  Shared derived trait:
a feature that is not found in other groups of descendants of a common ancestor.
Ex. Hair is a feature shared by mammals, but not found in non-mammalian vertebrates.

6. How to build a cladogram
How to build a cladogram
obonu/cladograms/Open-This-File.swf
Oldest events are usually at the bottom with the modern species at the top.
The branches are based on evidence from:
fossil record
comparative anatomy
biochemistry
genetics.

7. 
Nodes
A point on a cladogram where a single ancestral line breaks into two or more descendent lines. 

8. Try Building a Cladogram
Clouded
Salamander
Tree
Frog
Red Fox
Lancelet
Lamprey
Salmon
No Tail
Hair
Lancelet
Lamprey
Salmon
Clouded Salamander
Tree Frog
Red Fox
Four walking legs
Hinged jaw
Vertebral column

9. Which point represents the nearest common ancestor to the gorilla and elephant?
Point a is the nearest common ancestor.

10. Primate Evolution
In terms of the geologic time scale the evolution of humans has occurred relatively recently. The common ancestor of all primates, which are mammals with flexible hands and feet, forward-facing eyes, and large brains, probably arose around 65 million years ago.

11. Primate Evolution
Primates are divided into two groups: anthropoids and prosimians.
Anthropoids are divided into hominoids (Humans, Apesgibbons, orangutans, gorillas, and our closest relative, the chimpanzee) and Old World Monkeys and New World Monkeys.
Prosimians are the oldest living primate group, most are small and active at night (lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers).
The important distinction is that we do not “come from monkeys,” rather we share a common ancestor.

12. Primate Evolution

13. Primate Evolution
Homo sapiens (the scientific name for modern humans) arose nearly 200,000 years ago
A unique feature of humans is being bipedal, or having the ability to walk upright, which is significant because it allows for reaching higher into trees and frees hands for using tools.
Homo sapiens also have a significantly larger cranium (skull) allowing for the development of a much larger brain.

14. Primate Evolution Numerous fossils of extinct hominids exist:
Australopithecus afarensis
Homo habilis
Homo neanderthalensis
All share a recent common ancestor to modern day humans.

15. Primate Evolution
Notice that Homo sapiens (humans), Homo habilis, and Homo neanderthalensis all have much larger craniums, which means larger brains than Australopithecus afarensis, which was an earlier hominid.
Australopithecus
afarensis
Homo habilis
Homo
neanderthalensis
Homo sapiens

16. Cladogram Worksheet
Complete Cladogram practice worksheet, turn in to tray with name on it once done.
Start Virtual Hominid Lab.
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Password: d9f4d
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