1. Emotion Chapter 11 Emotion 2/22/2019
Prepared by Krista D. Forrest, Ph.D., and Michael Lee
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Chapter 11
©1999 Prentice Hall

2. Emotion Defining Emotion Elements of Emotion 1: The Body
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Emotion
Defining Emotion
Elements of Emotion 1: The Body
Elements of Emotion 2: The Mind
Elements of Emotion 3: The Culture
Putting the Elements together: Emotion and Gender
©1999 Prentice Hall

3. Emotion
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Emotion
A state of arousal involving facial and body changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action, all shaped by cultural rules.
©1999 Prentice Hall

4. Elements of Emotion 1: The Body
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Elements of Emotion 1: The Body
Primary and secondary emotions
The face of emotion
The brain and emotion
Hormones and emotion
Detecting emotions: Does the body lie?
©1999 Prentice Hall

5. Elements of Emotion 1: The Body
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Elements of Emotion 1: The Body
Primary emotions
Emotions considered to be universal and biologically based. They generally include fear, anger, sadness, joy, surprise, disgust, and contempt.
Secondary emotion
Emotions that develop with cognitive maturity and vary across individuals and cultures.
Three biological areas of emotion are
facial expressions,
brain regions and circuits, and
autonomic nervous system.
©1999 Prentice Hall

6. Universal Expressions of Emotion
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Universal Expressions of Emotion
Facial expressions for primary emotions are universal.
Even members of remote cultures can recognize facial expressions in people who are foreign to them.
Facial feedback
Process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed.
Infants are able to read parental expressions.
Facial expression can generate same expressions in others, creating mood contagion.
©1999 Prentice Hall

7. Emotion
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The Face of Anger
Anger is universally recognized by geometric patterns on the face.
In each pair, the left form seems angrier than the right form.
Figure 9.8 from:
Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Source:
Aronoff, J., Woike, B. A., & Hyman, L. M. (1992). Which are the stimuli in facial dislpays of anger and happiness? Configurational bases of emotion recognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62,
©1999 Prentice Hall

8. Facial Expressions in Social Context
Emotion
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Facial Expressions in Social Context
Across and within cultures, agreement often varies on which emotion a particular facial expression is revealing.
People don’t usually express their emotion in facial expressions unless others are around.
Facial expressions convey different meanings depending on their circumstances.
People often use facial expressions to lie about their feelings as well as to express them.
©1999 Prentice Hall

9. The Brain and Emotion The amygdala Left prefrontal cortex
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The Brain and Emotion
The amygdala
Responsible for assessing threat.
Damage to the amygdala results in abnormality to process fear.
Left prefrontal cortex
Involved in motivation to approach others.
Damage to this area results in loss of joy.
Right prefrontal cortex
Involved in withdrawal and escape.
Damage to the area results in excessive mania and euphoria.
©1999 Prentice Hall

10. Emotion
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Hormones and Emotion
When experiencing an intense emotion, 2 hormones are released.
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Results in increased alertness and arousal.
At high levels, it can create the sensation of being out of control emotionally.
©1999 Prentice Hall

11. The Autonomic Nervous System
Emotion
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The Autonomic Nervous System
Figure 9.5 from:
Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Source:
©1999 Prentice Hall

12. Detecting Emotions: Does the Body Lie?
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Detecting Emotions: Does the Body Lie?
Polygraph testing relies on autonomic nervous system arousal.
Typical measures:
Galvanic Skin Response
Pulse, blood pressure
Breathing
Fidgeting
Figure 9.6 from:
Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Source:
©1999 Prentice Hall

13. Polygraph Tests Empirical support is weak and conflicting.
Emotion
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Polygraph Tests
Empirical support is weak and conflicting.
Test is inadmissible in most courts.
It is illegal to use for most job screening.
Many government agencies continue to use for screening.
©1999 Prentice Hall

14. Elements of Emotion 2: The Mind
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Elements of Emotion 2: The Mind
How thoughts create emotions
The two factor theory of emotion.
Attributions and emotions.
Cognitions and emotional complexity
©1999 Prentice Hall

15. Two-factor Theory of Emotion
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Two-factor Theory of Emotion
Physiological arousal
Sweaty palms
Increased heart rate
rapid breathing
Cognitive Label
Attribute source of arousal to a cause
To have an emotion, both factors are required
Figure 9.11 from:
Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Source:
Schachter, S. (1964). The interaction of cognitive and physiological determinants of emotional state. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 1, New York: Academic Press.
©1999 Prentice Hall

16. Attributions and Emotions
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Attributions and Emotions
Perceptions and attributions are involved in emotions.
How one reacts to an event depends on how he or she explains it.
For example, how one reacts to being ignored or winning the silver instead of the gold medal.
Philosophy of life is also influential.
©1999 Prentice Hall

17. Cognitions and Emotional Complexity
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Cognitions and Emotional Complexity
Cognitions, and therefore, emotions, become more complex as a child’s cerebral cortex matures.
Self-conscious emotions, such as shame and guilt, do not occur until after infancy, due to the emergence of a sense of self and others.
People can learn how their thinking affects their emotions and can change their thinking accordingly.
©1999 Prentice Hall

18. Elements of Emotion 3: The Culture
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Elements of Emotion 3: The Culture
Culture and emotional variation
The rules of emotional regulation
Display rules
Body language
Emotion work
©1999 Prentice Hall

19. Culture and Emotional Variation
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Culture and Emotional Variation
Culture determines what people feel angry, sad, lonely, happy, ashamed or disgusted about.
Some cultures have words for specific emotions unknown to other cultures.
Ex. Schadenfreude
Some cultures don’t have words for emotions that seem universal to others.
Tahitian and sadness
Differences in secondary emotions appear to be reflected in differences in languages.
©1999 Prentice Hall

20. The Rules of Emotional Regulation
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The Rules of Emotional Regulation
Display Rules
When, where, and how emotions are to be expressed or when they should be squelched.
Body Language
The nonverbal signals of body movement, posture and gaze that people constantly express.
Emotion Work
Acting out an emotion we do not feel or trying to create the right emotion for the occasion.
©1999 Prentice Hall

21. Putting it all together: Emotion and Gender
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Putting it all together: Emotion and Gender
Physiology and intensity
Sensitivity to other people’s emotions
Cognitions
Expressiveness
Factors which affect expressiveness
Emotion work
©1999 Prentice Hall

22. Putting the Elements Together: Emotion and Gender
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Putting the Elements Together: Emotion and Gender
Physiology and intensity
Women recall emotional events more intensely and vividly than do men.
Men experience emotional events more intensely than do women.
Conflict is physiologically more upsetting for men than women.
©1999 Prentice Hall

23. Possible reasons for differences in physiology and intensity.
Emotion
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Possible reasons for differences in physiology and intensity.
Males autonomic nervous system is more reactive than females.
Men are more likely to rehearse angry thoughts which maintains anger.
Women are more likely to ruminate which maintains depression.
©1999 Prentice Hall

24. Sensitivity to Other People’s Emotions
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Sensitivity to Other People’s Emotions
Factors which influence one’s ability to “read” emotional signals:
The sex of the sender and receiver.
How well the sender and receiver know each other.
How expressive the sender is.
Who has the power.
Stereotypes and expectations.
©1999 Prentice Hall

25. Emotion
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Cognitions
Men and women appear to differ in the types of every day events that provoke their anger.
Women become angry over issues related to their partners disregard.
Men become angry over damage to property or problems with strangers.
©1999 Prentice Hall

26. Expressiveness In North America women:
Emotion
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Expressiveness
In North America women:
Smile more than men.
Gaze at listeners more.
Have more emotionally expressive faces.
Use more expressive body movements.
Touch others more.
Acknowledge weakness and emotions more.
Compared to women, men only express anger to strangers more.
©1999 Prentice Hall

27. Factors Influencing Emotional Expressiveness
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Factors Influencing Emotional Expressiveness
Gender roles
Cultural norms
The specific situation
©1999 Prentice Hall

28. Emotion Work and Gender
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Emotion Work and Gender
Women work hard at appearing warm, happy and making sure others are happy.
Men work hard at persuading others they are stern, aggressive and unemotional.
Why?
Gender roles and status.
©1999 Prentice Hall