1. Microbiology

2. What is it? Who studies it? Why do we study it?

3. Medical Microbiology
Studies microorganisms affecting health and wellness:
Bacteria
Fungus
Parasites
viruses

4. Microbiology Micro/- means small Bio/- means life
-ology- means study of
Microbiology- the study of microscopic organisms

5. Bacteria- What comes to mind?
Disease
Infection
Food spoilage

6. We can only see most of these with the microscope!
Microbiologist research and study these organismism to determine if they are pathogenic or if we can benefit from them.

7. History
Thanks to Anton van Leeuvenhoek for invention of microscope and scientific method
Louis Pasteur-Father of Germ Theory and Known as a founder of Bacteriology
Robert Koch- also known as a Founder of Bacteriology and Koch’s Postulates

8. Did you KNOW.. Only 1% of bacteria cause human disease
About 4% of bacteria cause plant disease
95% of bacteria are considered non-pathogens

9. Microbes Benefit Humans
Bacteria are decomposers they recycle nutrients back into environment
Microbes produce food products
Cheese
Beer
Yogurt
Vinegar
bread

10. Biotech and Bacteria
Bacteria are used to remove waste and poisons from water
Water treatment plants
Gold mines

11. Insect and Pest control
Using bacteria to control growth of insects
Example
Bacillus thuringeinsis
Catepillars
Bollworm
comborers

12. Bioremediation Using bacteria to clean up pollutants and toxic waste
Oil spills
Toxins in water

13. Recombinant DNA Gene Therapy Genetic Engineering
Bacteria can be manipulated to produce enzymes and proteins they usually do not produce.
Examples:
Insulin
Human growth hormone
interferon

14. Microbes from the food chain
Marine and freshwater organism
Bacteria for organism to thrive and needed for life

15. Biochemistry and Metabolism
Very simple structure
Rapid rate of reproduction
Provides instant data

16. Microbiology Today Covers….
Agricultural
Aquatic
Industrial
Medical
Space
Environmental

17. Career Medical Technologist- 4-5 years of college hold a B.S or M.S.
Medical Lab Technician- 2 year Associates Degree
Microbiologist- 4 years plus, B.S., M.S., or PhD.

18. So…. You tell me
What is it?
Who studies it?
Why do we study it?

19. Microbiology Section 2

20. Naming of bacteria Usually written in Genus followed by species.
Genus should be capitalized
Bacterial names should be in italics or underlined
Escherichia coli

21. Bacterial morphology
Cocci- round
Bacilli- rods
Spirillum- spiral

22. Bacilli

23. Cocci

24. Sprillium

25. Arrangements Staph- clusters like grapes Strep-chains Diplo/-pairs
Tetrad-fours
Vibrio-
Sarcinae-stacked

27. Equipment used in Micro lab
Incubator
Used to help maintain temp and to grow microorganisms at specific temperatures

28. Inoculation loops
These are used to transfer the microorganism to culture plates, tubes, microscope slides, etc.

29. Media Used to grow and isolate microorganisms Examples, Blood culture
Agar plate
Slant agars
CO2

30. Media Agar- media used to grow microorganism
Petri-plate-round plate used to hold media to grow cultures

31. Aseptic technique for isolating Bacteria
The goals of aseptic technique are two-fold :
The first objective is to obtain pure cultures and
secondly to prevent cross-contamination.

32. Contaminated Cultures
It is essential that aseptic technique be understood and practiced correctly. Contaminated cultures are worthless for diagnosis or for doing research on, because it is unclear what microbe is performing any action that is being observed.

33. Streaking for Isolation of Bacteria
Refer to handout.
Why do we do this?
Because it spreads the colonies throughout four quadrants in such a way that the fourth quadrant will have the least amount of bacteria within it therefore isolating colonies.

34. Streak Plate technique

35. SUPER BACTERIA Created by overuse of antibiotics Over prescribed
50% of antibiotics made are used in animal feed
People sharing antibiotics
People not completing antibiotic dosage given to them

36. Antibiotic Resistant
Antibiotic resistant bacteria are bacteria that do not respond or are not killed by antibiotics or there are only 1-2 antibiotics that will treat that bacteria
Most common
MRSA methacillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
1/3 of the strains that cause pneumonia

37. ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY
Used to detect which antibiotic is best for killing the bacterial infection
Antibiotic infused disks are used on a Petri plate with a pure culture of the bacteria to see which antibiotic is most sensitive

39. HOW Do We See the Bacteria?

40. What you need to see…. A microscope and Staining Procedures
Most common is the Gram’s Stain

41. Smear Prep
The purpose of making a smear is to fix the bacteria onto the slide and to prevent the sample from being lost during a staining procedure. A smear can be prepared from a solid or broth medium.
Student handout on Smear prep

42. Gram’s Stain
Gram-staining is a four part procedure which uses certain dyes to make a bacteria stand out against its background. The Bacteria should be mounted and fixed on a slide before you procede to stain it.)

43. The Gram’s Stain Contains
The reagents you will need to successfully perform this operation are:
Crystal Violet (the Primary Stain)
Iodine Solution (the Mordant)
Decolorizer (ethanol is a good choice)
Safranin (the Counterstain)
Water (preferably in a squirt bottle)
Student handout on Gram’s Stain

46. Gram Positive

47. Gram Negative

48. Why do we care what color bacteria turns?
The Gram’s Stain is medically important to help to determine what bacteria is making someone sick and what antibiotics will be best to treat you with.

49. ………..have you
Have you ever had a bladder infection, strep throat….. These are determined by growing and looking at the bacteria and doing other chemical tests on the bacteria to help yo.