1. General Biology Midterm Study Guide

2. 1. A hypothesis is a scientific explanation for a set of observations that can be ___________ in ways that support or reject it.
tested

3. 2. A personal preference or point of view is called _________.
bias

4. 3. List the 8 characteristics of living things.
Made of cells
Grow and develop
Adapt and evolve
Respond to stimuli
Maintains homeostasis
Reproduces
Has levels of organization
Requires energy

5. 4. The process by which organisms maintain a balanced internal state is called _______________.
homeostasis

6. Liters- volume/capacity Meters- length/distance Grams- weight/mass
5. List the three base units of the metric system and label what each measures.
Liters- volume/capacity
Meters- length/distance
Grams- weight/mass

7. 6. List the correct order of steps in the scientific method.
State question
Gather information
Form hypothesis
Perform experiment
Observe
Record data
Report conclusion

8. 7. List the 3 particles of an atom including the charge and location of each.
Proton- (+) charge, inside nucleus
Neutron- (0) charge, inside nucleus
Electron- (-) charge, outside nucleus

9. 8. Atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons are called ______________.
isotopes

10. 9. Chemical bonds that result from sharing electrons are considered ______________ bonds.
covalent

11. 10. Describe a solution and give an example including all the parts.
Solution- mixture with all parts mixed equally throughout
Solution = solute + solvent
Kool-aid = powder + water

12. 11. Compare acids and bases. Include pH and dissolved ions.
Acids- pH below 7, releases H+ ions
Bases- pH above 7, releases OH- ions

13. 12. The energy needed to start a chemical reaction is called ______________ __________.
Activation energy

14. 13. What is a catalyst?
Catalyst- something introduced to start or speed up the reaction that is recycled

15. 14. What types of organisms enclose their DNA inside nuclei?
eukaryotes

16. 15. List the 3 principles of the cell theory.
All living things are made of cells
Cells are the basic unit of life
New cells only derive from already existing cells

17. 16. Which organelle converts chemical energy into usable energy for cells?
mitochondria

18. 17. List 3 differences between plant cells and animal cells.
Plant cells have chloroplasts
Plant cells have cell walls
Plant cells have a single large vacuole

19. 18. What is the function of the nucleus?
It contains the genetic material (DNA)

20. 19. The _________ _________________ acts as a cell’s boundary from the outside environment.
Cell membrane

21. 20. _______________ make proteins using the coded information found in DNA.
Ribosomes

22. 21. Which organelle is used to break down molecules and other organelles inside the cytoplasm of a cell?
lysosome

23. 22. _______________ is the movement of water from a high concentration to a lower concentration across a membrane.
Osmosis

24. 23. ______________ is the movement of particles from a high concentration to a lower concentration.
Diffusion

25. Facilitated diffusion
24. _______________ ______________ is the movement of particles from a high concentration to a lower concentration by the use of channel proteins.
Facilitated diffusion

26. 25. _________________ occurs when the cell membrane engulfs large molecules to bring them into the cell.
Endocytosis

27. 26. ________________ occurs when the cell carries a vesicle filled with large molecules to the membrane and releases them out of the cell.
Exocytosis

28. 27. The movement of substances against the concentration gradient is called __________ _______________ and does require energy.
Active transport

29. Autotroph Tree Algae Flower
28. An ____________ is able to make its own food using the sun’s energy
Autotroph
Tree
Algae
Flower

30. Heterotroph Human Mushroom dog
29. A _______________ must consume other living things to obtain food and energy.
Heterotroph
Human
Mushroom
dog

31. 30. Write the chemical equation of photosynthesis
30. Write the chemical equation of photosynthesis. Label the reactants and products.
Reactants  Products
CO2 + H2O O2 + C6H12O6
Carbon dioxide + Water  Oxygen + Glucose

32. 31. Draw and label a diagram of a molecule of ATP.

33. 32. NADP+ is an example of an ________ _________ that transports electrons safely throughout the chloroplast during photosynthesis.
Electron carrier

34. 33. ______________ are light energy absorbing molecules plants use during photosynthesis.
Pigments

35. ATP is formed when a phosphate group is added to an ADP molecule.
34. How is ATP formed?
ATP is formed when a phosphate group is added to an ADP molecule.

36. 35. The ___________ ___________ is another name for the light independent reaction of photosynthesis.
Calvin cycle

37. 36. Organisms get the energy they need by ___________ _______ food to release the chemical energy.
Breaking down

38. Glycolysis- cytoplasm Krebs cycle- mitochondria matrix
37. List the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration. List the location of each process.
Glycolysis- cytoplasm
Krebs cycle- mitochondria matrix
Electron Transport Chain- inner mitochondria membranes

39. 38. Write the chemical equation for cellular respiration
38. Write the chemical equation for cellular respiration. Label the reactants and products.
Reactants  Products
6 O2 + C6H12O6  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy
Oxygen + Glucose  Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

40. 39. __________ means oxygen is needed, while ____________ means oxygen is not needed.
Aerobic
Anaerobic

41. 40. The process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells is called _______ ____________.
Cell division

42. 41. Draw and label the 4 phases of mitosis in order from first to last.
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

43. 42. ________________ is the study of heredity.
Genetics

44. 43. Human body cells have _______ chromosomes, while human gametes have _______ chromosomes.

45. 44. What is the final result of the entire process of meiosis?
4 different haploid cells

46. 45. A ____________________ is an organism’s genetic information written in the form of allele pairs, while a _____________________ is an organism’s physical appearance.
Genotype
Phenotype

47. 46. An organism that is homozygous has two alleles that are the _________, while an organism that is heterozygous has two alleles that are ____________.
Same
Different