1. Discussion Question #4
Besides candy and sweets, what sort of foods contain sugar?
What is the purpose of an enzyme?

2. 4 Macromolecules of Life
Chapter 6
4 Macromolecules of Life

3. What are cells made of?
The 4 major elements that make up the majority of our bodies and cells in general are:
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
These 4 elements combine in different ways to make organic compounds.
The 4 classes of organic compounds are:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Without these compounds the mighty cell would not function, thus we would not have life.
How is an organic molecule different from an inorganic molecule? Organic molecules contain carbon atoms.
A monomer is a small molecule made of different atoms.
When several monomers combine into a bigger molecule they create a polymer.

4. Building and Breaking Polymers
Building polymer chains:
When a monomer is added to a polymer chain a water molecule is released, this is called a dehydration reaction.
Breaking polymer chains:
When a polymer chain is broken into smaller monomers a water molecule is added, this is called a hydrolysis reaction.
Removing water builds a polymer, adding water breaks it down.

5. Condensed Structural Formulas
Count how many bonds each C atom has: ____ Count how many bonds each H atom has: ___ Count how many bonds each O atom has: ___ Often, a condensed structural formula for sugars is used, where angles in the hexagons represent carbon atoms and obvious bonds are understood to be present and not drawn. Can you verify that all atoms and bonds are accounted for in sucrose?
This hydrogen has ___ bond(s) to an ________atom .
Oxygen has ___ bond(s). This oxygen is bonded to a hydrogen and a ______ atom.
Carbon has ____bond(s). This carbon is bonded to a _______atom, an ________atom and two __________atoms.

6. Carbohydrates
Building Blocks: simple sugars (1:2:1 ratio, ex: C6H12O6)
Function: Main energy source, structural support for plants, certain exoskeletons
3 types of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides: made of 1 simple sugar
Ex: glucose(major energy source in cells), fructose
Disaccharides: 2 simple sugars or 2 monosaccharides bonded together. Ex: sucrose, lactose(milk), maltose
Polysaccharides: 3 or more simple sugars bonded together
Ex: starch(plants), cellulose(plants), glycogen (meat/insulin)
Your body has enzymes to break down polysaccharides into a more usable sugar (saliva enzymes).
Sugars that do not get broken down and used as energy get stored as fat

7. Lipids Building Blocks: glycerol and fatty acids
Types of lipids: fats, phospholipids, steroids
Functions:
Fats: Long term energy storage,
breaking bonds releases energy
Phospholipids: make up the lipid bilayer of cell membranes: hydrophobic vs hydrophilic = water-hating vs water-loving
Steroids: cholesterol (4 ring structures) helps regulate hormones
2 types of fats:
Saturated: fully saturated with hydrogen, straight molecule, no double bonds (bad fat)
Unsaturated: kinked due to double bonds

8. Saturated vs Unsaturated Fat
Hydrophilic vs Hydrophobic

9. Proteins Building Blocks: amino acids (20 total)
Amino acids combine to make polypeptides, polypeptides combine to make a protein
Functions:
Key for building muscle, and hair.
Enzyme proteins: catalyze (speed up)
chemical reactions in the body.
Collagen proteins: structural support and found in skin, ligaments, tendons, bones.
Hemoglobin proteins: carry oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body.
Antibody proteins: used in immune system.
Denaturation: process of taking a protein that looks like a ball of yarn and untangling it to look like a string.

10. Some of the 20 essential amino acids necessary for life:

11. Nucleic Acids Building Blocks: Nucleotides 2 types of nucleic acids
3 parts of a nucleotide
Sugar
Nitrogen base
Phosphate group
2 types of nucleic acids
DNA: double stranded helix
RNA: single stranded molecule
Functions: store genetic material, manufactures proteins, can act as an enzyme
ATP: an important nucleotide that is the “energy currency of the cell”

12. Enzymes Enzymes lower activation energy
For a chemical reaction to occur a certain amount of “start up” energy is required to get it going. This is called activation energy, because it activates the reaction.
Something that speeds up a reaction by reducing the activation energy is called a catalyst. campfire
The main catalyst for reactions in living things are enzymes.
Enzymes lower activation energy

13. Factors Affecting EnzymespH
Depends on enzyme; maltase functions best in a pH of 7; pepsin, found in the stomach at a pH of ; trypsin, in the small intestine, pH
Temperature
Most function best at body temperature 370 C
Lower temp activity of enzyme decreases
As temp is raised activity increases until a maximum is reached at about 400 C; beyond this point enzyme becomes distorted and enzyme deactivation occurs
Relative amounts of enzyme and substrate
Amt of enzyme increased, while substrate remains constant; rate of reaction is increased to a point; after that rate remains constant
Amt of substrate is increased, while concentration of enzymes remains the same; rate of reaction will increase and will continue up to the point where every available enzyme molecule is actively involved in the reaction

14. How do enzymes work?
The substrate binds to the enzyme at the active site (special groove where the enzyme attaches)
The enzyme lowers the activation energy which speeds up the reaction
The substrate’s bonds break, which releases energy, and the new molecules are released

15. Enzyme Activity Graph
Which enzyme works best at lower temperatures?_____
At what temp do both enzymes have the same activity?_____
Which enzyme would most likely be found in the body?_____