1. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
By: Kevin Malone

2. Origin
The earliest recorded account of sleeping sickness comes from upper Niger during the 14th century
Recorded in historical writings of Ibn Khaldoun, who wrote about the disease in his account of the history of North Africa

3. First Detection
The earliest detection of trypanosomes in human blood was in 1902, when R.M. Forde discovered what was then thought to be filiaria in the blood of a steamboat captain who had traveled extensively along the River Gambia

4. Historical Migration Factor
Historically, the impact of animal trypanosomiasis were so profound that it influenced the migration routes of cattle-owning tribes into the continent who were forced to avoid the G. morsitans “fly-belts”
Also forcing European and
Arab settlers into the continent, who
depended on horses and oxen
causing this disease to become more
wide spread

5. Influence
Some tribes dam up water sources so the have something closer to the village
This makes the water stagnant and very susceptible to Tsetse Fly infestation

6. Endemic Zones
Zaïre
Uíge
Bengo
Kwanza Norte

7. Victims Infects large and small mammals
Transmitted by a vector the Tsetse Fly
Around stagnant water areas and places where people rely on these pools for water

8. Severity
In Uganda, infections had rapid progression to the late stage (meningoencephalitic infection) in the majority of patients
Infections in Malawi were of a chronic nature, where few patients progressed to the late stage despite having infections for several months

9. Prevention
Since the vaccinations for this disease have very bad side effects, controlling the vector is easier
Stay away from areas where stagnant water is prevalent

10. Chemical Prevention
Residual insecticides such as organochlorines (DDT, Dieldrin, Endosulfan), pyrethroids (deltamethrin, permethrin, and alphamethrin), and avermectins (ivermectin)
Pyrethroids are most common because they degrade rapidly in the soil

11. Drug Prevention Suramin (Germanin) 1922, Stage 1
Pentamidine (Pentacarinat) ’37, Stage 1
Melarsoprol (Arsobal) ’49, Stage 1 & 2
Eflormithine (Orindyl) ’81, Stage 1 & 2

12. Side Effects
The drugs are harmfully toxic requiring extensive hospitalization
Allergic reactions, renal complications, insoluble mixtures causing death, coma, blindness, many more

13. Modern Prevention Attempts
Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) first considered to control tsetse by Simpson in 1958
Sterilize the male and release to wild females

14. Works Cited www.google.com www.cdc.com www.dndi.org www.who.com