1. Think of an idiom, movie title, well-known song title, book title, etc
Think of an idiom, movie title, well-known song title, book title, etc. Do NOT share with anyone

2. Bell Work The rules for ordering words in sentences are called
Semantics.
Heuristics.
Algorithms.
Morphemes.
Syntax.

3. Imagine that you've been asked to sit as a juror to hear the case of John Smith v. Miles Green. It's your job to decide whether or not Miles is guilty of causing an auto accident while driving under the influence of alcohol.
4. The car was found abandoned on the morning of Saturday, June 18, two blocks from Miles’s house and pointed away from it. John’s driver’s license was found in the car and his fingerprints were the only ones on the wheel.
1.John accuses his friend Miles of crashing his car on the way home from a night out on Friday, June 17.
2. Witnesses recall seeing John and Miles at a local club Friday night.
3. Witnesses in the club recall Miles and John leaving together and they all noted that Miles had a set of car keys. Witnesses outside the club recalled that John was clearly under the influence and some observers were under the impression that he was harassing Miles about something.
Is Miles guilty? Yes or No?

4. Thinking

5. Cognition Another term for thinking, knowing, and remembering
Does the way we think really matter?
Maybe by studying the way we think, we can eventually think better—CBT; Metacognition

6. What is thought? There are basically two types of thought…
Our concept of men may include all of the following guys….
What is thought?
There are basically two types of thought…
Concepts (schemas)…usually based on prototypes (best example of something)
Images
But they are based on our prototype male…..

7. Concepts In order to think about the world, we form……..
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people.
Concepts are similar to Piaget’s idea of….
Schemas
These animals all look different, but they fall under our concept of “dogs”.

8. Prototypes We base our concepts on ….
A mental image or best example of a category.
If a new object is similar to our prototype, we are better able to recognize it.

9. Problem Solving

10. Trial and Error

11. Algorithms
A rule that guarantees the right solution to a problem.
Usually by using a formula.
What are the benefits and detriments of algorithms? How might they be impractical?

12. Algorithms
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.
What are the benefits and detriments of algorithms?

14. Heuristics
A rule of thumb that generally, but not always, can be used to make a judgment to solve a problem.
It is fast, but is prone to errors
Two major types of heuristics….

15. Heuristics Who would you trust to baby-sit your child?
Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances.

16. Representativeness Heuristic
Who went to Harvard?
Judging a situation based on how similar the aspects are to the prototypes the person holds in their mind.
Like thinking someone with glasses is nerdy, or a blonde is not smart.
If I tell you that Sonia Dara is a Sports Illustrated swimsuit model, you would make certain quick judgments (heuristics) about her…like about her interests or intelligence.
She is an economics major at Harvard University.

17. Availability Heuristic
Which place would you be more scared of getting mugged or even murdered?
Judging a situation based on the first examples of similar situations that pop into your head
Vivid examples in the news often cause an availability heuristic.
The Bronx, NY
The crime rate of Gary, Indiana is MUCH higher than the Bronx. But when you think of crime, which town comes to mind?
Gary, Indiana

18. Availability Heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory.
Although diseases kill many more people than accidents, it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal. This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on t.v., and are more available in memory than diseases.
If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common.

19. Heuristics can lead to Overconfidence…
Our confidence is not a good indicator of how right we are.
Belief Perseverance- maintaining a belief even after it has been proven wrong.
Belief Bias- People will tend to accept any and all conclusions that fit in with their systems of belief, without challenge or any deep consideration of what they are actually agreeing with.

20. Insight
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem.
No real strategy involved

21. Hurdles to problem solving

22. Functional Fixedness
The inability to see a new use for an object.

23. Match Problem
Can you arrange these six matches into four equilateral triangles?

24. Match Problem Fixation
The inability to see a problem from a new perspective.

25. Functional Fixedness
The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions.
What are some things I can do with this quarter (other than spend it)?

26. The Jug Problem

27. B – A – 2C = desired amount of water
The Jug Problem
B – A – 2C = desired amount of water

28. Mental set a.k.a. rigidity
The tendency to fall into established thought patterns—May or may not be a good thing.

29. The Jug Problem
For problems 6 and 7 (20 and 18), there are easier ways than using your formula from your mental set.

30. Confirmation Bias
We look for evidence to confirm our beliefs and ignore evidence that contradicts them.
For example, if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work, you will take notice of admissions during a full moon, but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month.

31. Confirmation Bias
We look for evidence to confirm our beliefs and ignore evidence that contradicts them.

32. Belief Bias
Democrats support free speech
The tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning.
Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa.
2. Dictators are not Democrats.
Conclusion: Dictators do not support free speech.

33. Belief Perseverance
Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
All Red Sox fans who still belief that this is their year are suffering from belief perseverance.

34. Overconfidence The tendency to be more confident than correct.
To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments.
Considering “overconfidence” who you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll?

35. Framing
90% of the population will be saved with this medication…..or
10% of the population will die despite this medication.
You should not drink more than two drinks per day….or
You should not drink more than 730 drinks a year.
Look at the following question and think about how the question is worded may effect the way it is answered.
How can businesses become more socially responsible?
The way a problem is presented can drastically effect the way we view it.

36. Framing The way an issued is posed.
It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments.
How do you think framing will play a part in the next election?

38. CREATIVITY Little correlation between creativity and intelligence.
Convergent Thinking-finding one solution to a problem versus Divergent Thinking-open-ended/multiple solutions