1. Topic 1
Topic 2
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2. Topic 1 - $100
Marc notices that when he looks at the stars at night, some appear to be brighter than others. Which three factors affect how bright a star appears to an observer on Earth?
A. the star's color, size, and distance from Earth
B. the star's energy, size, and temperature
C. the star's size, temperature, and distance from Earth
D. the star's movement, distance from Earth, and gravity

3. C. the star's size, temperature, and distance from Earth
Topic 1 - $100
C. the star's size, temperature, and distance from Earth

4. Topic 1 - $200 Which of the following is true of the Sun?
A. The Sun is the closest star to Earth.
B. The Sun is the largest star in the Milky Way.
C. The Sun is the largest planet in our Solar System.
D. The Sun is an example of a galaxy that gives off light energy.

5. A. The Sun is the closest star to Earth.
Topic 1 - $200
A. The Sun is the closest star to Earth.

6. Topic 1 - $300
Which of the following consists of gas, dust, and many stars?
A. the Earth's atmosphere
B. a galaxy
C. a solar system
D. the Sun

7. Topic 1 - $300
B. a galaxy

8. Topic 1 - $400
Brandon has learned that many stars are actually larger than the Sun. If this is true, why do these stars appear like points of light in the sky?
A. These stars are hotter than the Sun.
B. These stars have less mass than the Sun.
C. These stars are farther away from Earth than the Sun is.
D. These stars are made of different chemicals than the Sun.

9. C. These stars are farther away from Earth than the Sun is.
Topic 1 - $400
C. These stars are farther away from Earth than the Sun is.

10. Topic 1 - $500
Latoya is studying the stars and she learns that Barnard's star is the third closest star to Earth, although it cannot be seen without a telescope. She also knows that the brightest star in the night sky, Sirius, is much farther away but can be seen by the naked eye. Which of the following explains why Sirius can be seen without a telescope?
A. Barnard's star is much larger and hotter than Sirius.
B. Sirius is much larger and hotter than Barnard's star.
C. All stars are the same size, so Sirius must be hotter than Barnard's star.
D. All stars are the same temperature, so Sirius must be larger than Barnard's star.

11. B. Sirius is much larger and hotter than Barnard's star.
Topic 1 - $500
B. Sirius is much larger and hotter than Barnard's star.

12. Topic 2 - $100
For a school project, Connor needs to build a model of the solar system. In his model shown below, Connor uses a very tiny bead to represent Earth and a giant beach ball to represent the sun.
Why did Connor pick a tiny bead to represent Earth and a giant beach ball to represent the sun in his model?
A because Earth is brighter than the sun
B because Earth is less solid than the sun
C because Earth is smaller in size and mass than the sun
D because Earth is a terrestrial planet and the sun is a gas giant

13. C. because Earth is smaller in size and mass than the sun
Topic 2 - $100
C. because Earth is smaller in size and mass than the sun

14. Topic 2 - $200
Planets are classified as either inner planets or outer planets based on their distance from the sun. What is found between the inner planets and the outer planets?
A asteroids
B comets
C moons
D stars

15. Topic 2 - $200
A asteroids

16. Topic 2 - $300
Our solar system consists of eight planets. What is a planet?
A many stars held together
B a rock fragment in space
C a large object in space that revolves around a star in its own orbit
D a large object in space that is composed of gases and gives off light

17. Topic 2 - $300
C. a large object in space that revolves around a star in its own orbit

18. Topic 2 - $400 Which of the following planets has a large solid core?
A Jupiter
B Mercury
C Neptune
D Saturn

19. Topic 2 - $400
B. Mercury

20. Topic 2 - $500
Venus and Mars are the two planets closest to Earth. Which of these statements about Venus and Mars is true?
A Their orbits are the same size.
B They both have a large solid core.
C Their surfaces are covered with water.
D They have the same number of moons.

21. B. They both have a large solid core.
Topic 2 - $500
B. They both have a large solid core.

22. Topic 3 - $100
There are lots of objects in our solar system, but only eight of them are planets. What do all planets have in common?
A. They are all made of rock or ice.
B. They all have rings or moons as satellites.
C. They are all nearly round and orbit the Sun.
D. They all rotate on an axis and orbit the Earth.

23. C. They are all nearly round and orbit the Sun.
Topic 3 - $100
C. They are all nearly round and orbit the Sun.

24. Topic 3 - $200
Which answer describes how the inner planets are similar to each other?
A. They are all the same size.
B. They all have solid surfaces.
C. They all have at least one moon.
D. They all have a thick atmosphere.

25. B. They all have solid surfaces.
Topic 3 - $200
B. They all have solid surfaces.

26. Topic 3 - $300
Which of the inner planets listed below is closest to the Sun?
A. Earth
B. Mars
C. Mercury
D. Venus

27. Topic 3 - $300
C. Mercury

28. Topic 3 - $400
Tom and his friends were talking about what it would be like if they could go live on Mars someday. Mandy said it would be much colder there than on Earth and it would hardly ever get above freezing even in summer. Jose said there would be time periods on Mars like there are on Earth. What else might they experience if they ever went to live on Mars?
A. A year on Mars would last almost as long as two Earth years.
B. Water would run in the canals on Mars on the warmest days.
C. They would see four big moons and several smaller ones at night on Mars.
D. They could breathe the air since Mars and Earth have similar atmospheres.

29. A. A year on Mars would last almost as long as two Earth years.
Topic 3 - $400
A. A year on Mars would last almost as long as two Earth years.

30. Topic 3 - $500
When comets come close to the Sun they develop a tail that glows so we can see it from Earth. Asteroids do not develop tails like this. In what other way are asteroids different from comets?
A. Asteroids orbit planets while comets orbit the Sun.
B. Asteroids are rocky while comets are balls of ice and dust.
C. Asteroids orbit outside of the Solar System while comets do not.
D. Asteroids are smooth and round while comets are lumpy shapes.

31. B. Asteroids are rocky while comets are balls of ice and dust.
Topic 3 - $500
B. Asteroids are rocky while comets are balls of ice and dust.

32. Topic 4 - $100
Emily saw the moon one night. It looked like the picture below.
One week later, why did the moon look bigger?
A. The moon became larger.
B. The moon became brighter.
C. Earth and the moon moved closer together.
D. Emily could see more of the side of the moon that was lit.

33. D. Emily could see more of the side of the moon that was lit.
Topic 4 - $100
D. Emily could see more of the side of the moon that was lit.

34. Topic 4 - $200
From space, the surfaces of Earth and the moon look different. How is the surface of the
moon different from the surface of Earth?
A. no air, no liquid water, craters and mountains, rocky
B. air, no liquid water, craters and mountains, not rocky
C. air, liquid water, craters and mountains, not rocky
D. air, liquid water, no craters or mountains, rocky

35. A. no air, no liquid water, craters and mountains, rocky
Topic 4 - $200
A. no air, no liquid water, craters and mountains, rocky

36. Topic 4 - $300
One kind of modern calendar is a lunar calendar. What is a lunar calendar based on?
A. phases of the moon
B. yearly cycle of the sun
C. monthly phases of the sun
D. daily rising and setting of the moon

37. Topic 4 - $300
A. phases of the moon

38. Topic 4 - $400
When Andrew looks at the moon at night, it appears to be shining. Why does the moon
look this way?
A. It makes its own light.
B. It reflects light from Earth.
C. It reflects light from the sun.
D. It reflects light from the other planets.

39. C. It reflects light from the sun.
Topic 4 - $400
C. It reflects light from the sun.

40. Topic 4 - $500
The sun appears to move across the sky during the day. Why does this happen?
A. Earth's tilt on its axis
B. moon orbiting Earth
C. Earth's rotation on its axis
D. Earth's orbit around the sun

41. C. Earth's rotation on its axis
Topic 4 - $500
C. Earth's rotation on its axis

42. Topic 5 - $100 Which of the following is true regarding stars?
A. All stars are the same size.
B. All stars are the same distance from Earth.
C. All stars emit energy and some of it is in the form of light.
D. All stars can be seen without a telescope on a clear night.

43. C. All stars emit energy and some of it is in the form of light.
Topic 5 - $100
C. All stars emit energy and some of it is in the form of light.

44. Topic 5 - $200
Sirius is the brightest star in the night sky. Which statement about Sirius is true?
A. Sirius must be the closest star to Earth.
B. Sirius must be the hottest star in the sky.
C. Sirius must be larger and have more energy than any other star in the galaxy.
D. Sirius must be very hot, very large, and close to Earth, compared to other stars.

45. Topic 5 - $200
D. Sirius must be very hot, very large, and close to Earth, compared to other stars.

46. Topic 5 - $300
Ming is doing a project on planets in other solar systems. She learns about a planet, called Planet Z. Planet Z is very large, has a thick atmosphere, and has a low density. Which of these planets in our solar system is Planet Z most similar to?
A Earth
B Mars
C Mercury
D Saturn

47. Topic 5 - $300
D Saturn

48. Topic 5 - $400
All the planets in the solar system orbit the sun. What is the main difference between the orbits of the inner and outer planets?
A The inner planets travel a greater distance than the outer planets do.
B The inner planets have almost round orbits, and the outer planets do not.
C The outer planets rotate as they orbit the sun, and the inner planets do not.
D The outer planets’ orbits are longer than the inner planets’ orbits.

49. D The outer planets’ orbits are longer than the inner planets’ orbits.
Topic 5 - $400
D The outer planets’ orbits are longer than the inner planets’ orbits.

50. Topic 5 - $500
Paul created a poster showing the solar system. Paul’s poster is shown below.
Which of these details in Paul’s poster is accurate?
A the order of the planets
B the number of moons shown
C the distances between the planets
D the sizes of the planets and the sun

51. A. the order of the planets
Topic 5 - $500
A. the order of the planets