1. It’s in your Genetics!

2. Genetic Vocabulary Allele Dominant Recessive Homozygous dominant
Heterozygous
Homozygous recessive
Genotype
Phenotype
Punnett square

3. Gregor Mendel Austrian Monk Experiment using Pea Plants
Fast growing generations
Could self pollinate
Many offspring at a time
Contrasting traits (this was luck)

4. Mendel’s experiment
Took true breeding (homozygous) parents and called them the P generation
Allowed them to breed and resulted in the F1 generation, results were all dominant phenotype (heterozygous)
F1 generation self pollinated and produced the F2 generation = 3:1 phenotypic ratio

5. Mendel’s law of segregation
Two alleles for a heritable character segregate (separate from each other) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes.

6. Punnett Square
Monohybrid
dihybrid

7. Testcross
Used to determine the unknown genotype of an dominant phenotype…
Always cross unknown genotype with homozygous recessive
If any offspring are recessive, unknown genotype is heterozygous
If all offspring are dominant, it is assumed the unknown genotype is homozygous dominant.

9. 11.2 Probability
Outcome of any particular toss is unaffected by what has happened on previous trials.
What is the chance that two coins tossed simultaneously will both land heads up?
Multiplication rule: multiple the probability of one event (heads) by the probability of the other event (heads) = ½ X ½ = ¼
Addition rule: the probability that any one of two or more naturally exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding their individual probabilities ¼ + ¼ = ½

12. Solving Dihybrid’s with probability
First, 3 answers you should always know…
YyRr x YyRr = 9:3:3:1
YYRR x anything is always 100% dominant
YyRr x yyrr = 1:1:1:1
Figure 11.8, page 212
Trihybrid anyone??