1. Machine Architecture and Number Systems
Topics
Major Computer Components
Bits, Bytes, and Words
The Decimal Number System
The Binary Number System
Converting from Binary to Decimal
Converting from Decimal to Binary
The Hexidecimal Number System
Reading -

2. Major Computer Components
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Bus
Main Memory (RAM)
Secondary Storage Media
I / O Devices

3. The CPU Central Processing Unit The “brain” of the computer
Controls all other computer functions
In PCs (personal computers) also called the microprocessor or simply processor.

4. The Bus
Computer components (Such as: the CPU, Main Memory, & Hard Disks) are connected by a bus.
A bus is a group of parallel wires that carry control signals and data between components.

5. Main Memory
Main memory holds information such as computer programs, numeric data, or a document created by a word processor.
Main memory is made up of capacitors.
If the capacitor is charged, then its state is said to be 1 or ON.
We could also say the bit is set.
If the capacitor does not have a charge, then its state is 0 or OFF.
We could also say that the bit is reset or cleared.
0,1

6. Main Memory (con’t)
Memory is divided into cells, where each cell contains 8 bits (1’s or 0’s). Eight bits is called a byte.
Each of these cells is numbered.
The number associated with a cell is known as its address.
Main memory is volatile storage. That is, if power is lost, the information in main memory is lost.

7. Main Memory (con’t)
In addition to the circuitry that holds the bits, there are other circuits that allow other components (Like the CPU) to:
get the information held at a particular address in memory, known as a READ,
or store information at a particular address in memory, known as a WRITE.

8. Main Memory (con’t)
All addresses in memory can be accessed in the same amount of time.
We do not have to start at address 0 and read everything until we get to the address we really want.
We can go directly to the address we want and access the data.
That is why we call main memory RAM (Random Access Memory).

9. Secondary Storage Media
Disks -- floppy, hard, removable (random access)
Tapes (sequential access)
CDs (random access)
DVDs (random access)
Secondary storage media store files that contain
computer programs
data files
other types of information
This type of storage is called persistent (permanent) storage because it is non-volatile.

10. I/O (Input/Output) Devices
Information input/output is handled by I/O (peripheral) devices.
A peripheral device is a component that is not an integral part of the computer.
Examples:
monitor
keyboard
mouse
disk drive (floppy, hard, removable)
CD or DVD drive
printer
scanner

11. Computer/Peripheral Communication
Ports
locations through which data can enter or leave the computer (plugs on back)
identified by port numbers like memory cells are identified by addresses

12. Parallel and Serial Communication
Refer to the manner in which bit patterns are transferred with respect to time.
Parallel - All the bits of a pattern are transferred at the same time, with each bit being transferred on a separate line. Requires multi-wire cables.
Serial - Transmits one bit at a time. Slower, but uses a simpler data path.

13. Bits, Bytes, and Words A bit is a single binary digit (a 1 or 0).
A byte is 8 bits
A word is 32 bits or 4 bytes (machine dependant)
Long word = 8 bytes = 64 bits
Quad word = 16 bytes = 128 bits
Programming languages use these standard number of bits when organizing data storage and access.
What do you call 4 bits ?? (hint: it is a small byte)

14. Items covered in the this part of class:
From “C How to Program” 4rd edition Deitel & Deitel , ISBN# =
Items covered in the this part of class:
Page Number Systems:
binary, decimal, hex
Page Number System Representations
Page Converting Binary to Decimal
- Converting Decimal to Binary/Hex

15. The Binary Number System
The on and off states of the capacitors in RAM can be thought of as the values 1 and 0.
Therefore, thinking about how information is stored in RAM requires knowledge of the binary (base 2) number system.
Let’s review the decimal (base 10) number system first.

16. The Decimal Number System
The decimal number system is a positional number system.
Example:
X 100
X 101
6 X 102
5 X 103

17. The Decimal Number System (con’t)
The decimal number system is also known as base 10. The values of the positions are calculated by taking 10 to some power.
Why is the base 10 for decimal numbers?
Because we use 10 digits, the digits 0 through 9.

18. The Binary Number System
The binary number system is called binary because it uses base 2. The values of the positions are calculated by taking 2 to some power.
Why is the base 2 for binary numbers ?
Because we use 2 digits, the digits 0 and 1.

19. The Binary Number System (con’t)
The binary number system is also a positional numbering system.
Instead of using ten digits, 0 - 9, the binary system uses only two digits, 0 and 1.
Example of a binary number and the values of the positions:

20. Converting from Binary to Decimal
X 20 = 1
X 21 = 0
0 X 22 = 0
20 = = X 23 = 0
21 = = X 24 = 0
22 = = X 25 = 0
23 = X 26 =

21. Converting from Binary to Decimal (con’t)
Practice conversions:
Binary Decimal
101011
111

22. Converting Decimal to Binary
First make a list of the values of 2 to the powers of 0 to 8, then use the subtraction method.
20 = 1, 21 = 2, 22 = 4, 23 = 8, 24 = 16,
25 = 32, 26 = 64, 27 = 128, 28 = 256
Example:

23. Counting in Binary Binary 1 10 11 100 101 110 111 Decimal equivalent 11 10 11
100
101
110
111
Decimal equivalent 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

24. Addition of Binary Numbers
Examples:

25. Addition of Large Binary Numbers
Example showing larger numbers:

26. Working with Large Numbers
= ?
Humans can’t work well with binary numbers; there are too many digits to deal with.
Memory addresses and other data can be quite large. Therefore, we sometimes use the hexadecimal number system.

27. Hexadecimal Binary 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 Hex 5 0 9 7
Written:

28. What is Hexadecimal really ?
Binary
Hex
A number expressed in base 16. It’s easy to convert binary to hex and hex to binary because 16 is 24.

29. Hexadecimal Binary is base 2, because we use two digits, 0 and 1
Decimal is base 10, because we use ten digits, 0 through 9.
Hexadecimal is base 16. How many digits do we need to express numbers in hex ? 16 (0 through ?)
A B C D E F

30. The Hexadecimal Number System (con’t)
Binary Decimal Hexadecimal Binary Decimal Hexadecimal A B C D E F

31. The Hexadecimal Number System (con’t)
Example of a hexadecimal number and the values of the positions:
3 C B

32. Example of Equivalent Numbers
Binary:
Decimal:
Hexadecimal: 50A716
Notice how the number of digits gets smaller as the base increases.