1. Key Issue 3: Why are different Places Similar?
Scale: From local to global
Space: Distribution of features
Connections between places

2. Globalization vs. local diversity
Globalization pulls the world together
Internet has made us a global community
Local Diversity pushes us to be unique
Express cultural traditions and economic practices
This push and pull can lead to conflict, what could they be?
Political, economic, and pollution to name a few

4. Scale: From Local to Global
Globalization: a force or process that involves the whole world and results in making something worldwide in scope
The scale of the world is shrinking in that a person, object or idea can interact with other persons, objects or ideas
The world, therefore, is becoming more uniform (though we may becoming more diverse at a local scale)

5. Economic globalization is facilitated by TNCs (transnational corporations) and free market politics (e.g. WTO)
TNCs conduct research, operate factories and sell products beyond where their HQs are located
TNCs and modern technology allow money, materials & ideas to spread globally
Specialization occurs often making places economically different

8. Globalization often leads to uniform preferences
Uniform preferences lead to uniform cultural landscapes
Fast food restaurants, automobiles, tennis shoes, coca-cola, etc.
Local religion, language & cultural beliefs are threatened with extinction
Often leads to a backlash
Though the globalization of technology may promote diversity too (Welsh & Gaelic channels via satellite)

9. Connections Between Places
The world is shrinking.
Space-Time Compression
reduction in time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communications and transportation systems.
In 1800 A.D. people (and culture) traveled using the same methods as in 1800 B.C.
Today, people can travel more quickly and culture can spread without explorers and settlers
Hub-and-spoke system
Computers & telecommunications
-Spatial interaction includes all kinds of human interaction (freights, commuting, telecommunications, migration) - Pre-1800s: foot, animal and sailing

10. Barriers Physical (Oceans) Cultural (language) Political (borders)
Distance decay-diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin
Friction of Distance ($/time to overcome the distance)
Friction of distance = cost ($/time) of overcoming distance - Has the internet removed the reality of distance decay? Has it ended the need for geography? - Physical & resource diversity: bananas from the tropics and oil from Saudi Arabia - Unequal economic system provides pools of laborers suitable for different tasks (e.g. Silicone Valley & Mexico’s maquiladoras) - Economies of Scale: Ford’s Model Ts - Comparative advantage describes the tendency for economies to produce just what they do best rather than trying to produce everything that they do better. The US is better served by putting its resources into hi-tech fields and buying clothing from China than trying to produce everything.

11. DIFFUSION

12. Spatial Diffusion
A process by which a characteristic spreads across space from its origin (the hearth) to another location over time.
Diseases, technological innovations, political movements & musical fads
It’s not random but a function of geographic principles & statistical probabilities (e.g. distance & amount of contact)
Statistical probabilities (distance, amount of resistance, degree of contact, etc.)

13. Diffusion
Relocation
Expansion
Hierarchical
Contagious
Stimulus

14. Relocation diffusion Spread through physical movement of people
Languages to Western Hemisphere Spanish, English, French & Portuguese
Diffusion of nationally issued Euros
AIDS spread through relocation diffusion urban centers (1980s to 1993)
Islam to North Africa, Spain
Foods to and from New World
Diffusion without an increase in frequency

16. Expansion diffusion “Snowball” method of diffusion
Spread from person to person in place
Diseases through Western Hemisphere
Democracy from U.S. to France

17. Which type of diffusion does A represent?
Which type of diffusion does B represent?
A Expansion
B Relocation

18. Note that expansion diffusion can occur at the relocation point
Note that expansion diffusion can occur at the relocation point. For example, tortillas were brought to the US through relocation diffusion, but are spreading throughout the US through expansion diffusion too.
The difference between expansion diffusion and relocation diffusion has to do with what happens at the point of origin. In expansion diffusion, what is being diffused remains at the point of origin, often becoming more intense. With relocation diffusion, what is being diffused evacuates the point of origin and moves on.

19. Expansion Diffusion
Three processes: 1.Hierarchical 2.Contagious 3.Stimulus
Which type of diffusion is the spread of Islam?
The Spread of Islam is an example of contagious diffusion

20. 1. Hierarchical diffusion
Among levels of a hierarchy
Usually top-down
Based on cities or organizations

22. Hierarchical effects
DISCUSSION: * What are the large cities in your state or province which would first be impacted by a diffusion process spread by hierarchical effect?

23. Hierarchical Effects
DISCUSSION: * Is the diffusion in this time frame only from large to medium cities?

24. DISCUSSION: * Does hierarchical effect mean that someone in a small city is guaranteed to encounter the idea, innovation, or disease only after it has spread first to medium cities?

25. 2. Contagious diffusion Person-to-person contact Widespread and rapid
Distance-decay effect

29. Contagious Diffusion-Walmart

35. Standing on the shoulders of giants
3. Stimulus diffusion
Standing on the shoulders of giants
The spread of an underlying principle even though the characteristic appears to fail to diffuse. In other words, diffusion in which one people receives a culture element from another but gives it a new and unique form
Features of Apple’s iPhone and iPad have been adopted by their competitors