1. What type of gene transfer requires a bacteriophage?

2. What type of gene transfer requires a bacteriophage?
Transduction

3. What is a bacteriophage?

4. What is a bacteriophage?
It is a virus that infects bacteria

5. What type of phage is necessary for specialized transduction?

6. What type of phage is necessary for specialized transduction?
It requires a lysogenic phage
A lysogenic phage integrates its DNA into the bacterial chromosome and becomes a prophage

7. When does specialized transduction occur?

8. When does specialized transduction occur?
Only when the prophage incorrectly excises itself from the bacterial chromosome and enters into a lytic cycle
Prophage
Lytic cycle

9. When does transformation occur?

10. When does transformation occur?
When a cell is competent and picks up DNA that has been released into the environment

11. What is generalized transduction?

12. What is generalized transduction?
When a lytic phage accidentally transfers a random piece of chromosomal DNA

13. What type of mutation is shown here?

14. This is a missense mutation.

15. What type of mutation is shown here?

16. This is a nonsense mutation.

17. 2-aminopurine is an example of __________?

18. 2-aminopurine is an example of a nucleoside analog
It is a chemical mutagen

19. How does Non-ionizing radiation act as a mutagen?

20. How does Non-ionizing radiation act as a mutagen?
It causes the formation of thymine-dimers

21. What enzymes are needed for “dark repair” of thymine dimers?

22. What enzymes are needed for “dark repair” of thymine dimers?
A nuclease cuts on either side of the dimer
DNA polymerase replaces the missing strand
DNA ligase seals the sugar-phosphate backbone