1. SSUSH8 Explore the relationship between slavery, growing north-south divisions, and westward expansion that led to the outbreak of the Civil War.
d. Explain how the Compromise of 1850 arose out of territorial expansion and population growth.
e. Evaluate the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the failure of popular sovereignty, & John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry as events leading to the Civil War.

2. Wilmot Proviso  Compromise of 1850
To counter the Wilmot Proviso and to ease tension, a proposal was made to allow the new territories/states to decide for themselves on the slavery issue, an idea called popular sovereignty
This would abandon the MO Compromise of 1820
California applied for statehood in 1849, threatening to break the balance of free and slave states
Henry Clay proposed a resolution which became known as the Compromise of 1850

3. Compromise of 1850
Though the Compromise initially had little support, it was passed, by dividing it into smaller bills, allowing Congress to vote on each issue separately easing the tension, for the time being, over slavery.

4. Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Part of the Compromise of 1850
Expansion of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
1850 Act made it a crime, punishable by a $1000 fine, to aid an enslaved runaway.
Citizens were required to assist in capturing runaway enslaved people, even if the runaways had made their way to a free state.

5. After the Compromise of 1850, and the annexation of Texas, the debate continued over what to do with the unorganized territory in the middle of the country over whether slavery should spread into the west and how it should be decided.

6. Kansas-Nebraska Act Signed in 1854, introduced by Stephen Douglas:
- Divided the unorganized territory & created two new territories: Kansas and Nebraska
- would allow each territory to decide on the slavery issue by using “popular sovereignty”
- repealed/did away with the Missouri Compromise 1820 line (3630’)
….led to “Bleeding Kansas”

8. Bleeding Kansas: Failure of Popular Sovereignty
Because Kansas would decide about slavery through popular sovereignty, both the North (antislavery) and the South (pro-slavery) sent hundreds of people into Kansas to sway the vote
Tensions between the two groups led to violence and the destruction of property in Lawrence, Kansas (a center for anti-slavery efforts).
By the end of 1856,
200 people had
been killed in the
skirmishes
How did the violence in Kansas
demonstrate that popular
sovereignty was a failure?

9. John Brown
Radical Abolitionist from Ohio who used violence against those supporting slavery
never really had any successes in life
he thought that God told him to end slavery
wanted to retaliate against the attack in Lawrence, Kansas.

10. Pottawatomie Massacre (1856) Aspect of Bleeding Kansas
In retaliation of the Lawrence attack, the fiery abolitionist John Brown led a group of men on an attack at Pottawatomie Creek.
The group, which included four of Brown's sons, dragged five proslavery men from their homes and hacked them to death.

11. The End of “Bleeding Kansas”
In the fall of 1856, the U.S. Army stopped the carnage in “Bleeding Kansas.” By the end of that year, 200 people had died in fighting & two million dollars worth of property had been destroyed.
In 1861, Kansas entered the Union as a free state.

12. Violence in Congress
Violence also erupted in Congress. The abolitionist senator Charles Sumner delivered a fiery speech called "The Crime Against Kansas," in which he accused proslavery senators, particularly Atchison and Andrew Butler of South Carolina, of [cavorting with the] "harlot, Slavery."
Charles Sumner (MA): against slavery, senator
Andrew Butler (SC): for slavery, senator
Preston Brooks (SC): Representative in the House, for slavery

13. Violence in Congress
In retaliation, Butler's nephew, Congressman Preston Brooks, attacked Sumner at his Senate desk and beat him senseless with a cane.
Brooks gets a slap on the wrist & Sumner became a hero.
Brooks broke his cane in the fight
so Southern supporters sent
him lots of canes in return.

14. John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry
In 1859, Brown and his followers tried to support a slave uprising in Virginia by seizing an arsenal in Harpers Ferry
John Brown led 21 men, black and white, into Harpers Ferry to seize the federal arsenal there, distribute the captured arms to slaves in the area, and start a general slave uprising.
60 people were held hostage, in hope of their slaves joining the fight – no one came. Local troops, and later US Marines foiled his plan.

15. John Brown’s Raid
Brown’s plan failed--The uprising was quickly put down, Brown was caught and tried for treason.
After a trial, Brown was executed in Dec 1859
Brown was viewed by many in the North as a martyr for the anti-slavery movement.
How do you think Brown was viewed In the South-why?