1. Chapter 9 Section 1 I. Economic Impact of Taxes
A. Taxes affect the factors of production and resource allocation.
B. A tax placed on a good at the factory raised production costs.

2. C. Taxes affect the economy by encouraging or discouraging certain activities.
D. A sin tax is a high-percentage tax that raises revenue while reducing consumption of a socially undesirable product.

3. E. Taxes affect productivity and economic growth by changing the incentives to save, invest, and work.

4. The incidence of a tax is the final burden of the tax: it is easier for a producer to shift the incidence of a tax to the consumer if the demand is inelastic; the more elastic the demand, the more likely the producer will absorb a greater portion of the tax.

5. II. Criteria for Effective Taxes
A. Taxes are effective when they are equitable, simple, and efficient.
B. Criterion 1: equity or fairness; fairness is subjective, but taxes are considered more fair if they have fewer loopholes.

6. C. Criterion 2: simplicity, tax laws should be easy to understand.
D. Criterion 3: efficiency, which means it it easy to administer and is successful at generating revenue.

7. III. Two Principles of Taxation
A. The benefit principle states that those who benefit from government goods and services should pay in proportion to the amount of benefits they receive.

8. B. The limitations of this principle are that many government services provide the greatest benefit to those who can least afford them and that benefits are hard to measure.

9. C. The ability-to-pay principle is the belief that people would be taxed according to their ability to pay, regardless of the benefits they receive.

10. D. The ability-to-pay principle is based on two ideas: that societies cannot always measure the benefits derived from government spending, and that people with higher incomes suffer less discomfort in paying taxes than people with lower incomes.

11. IV. Types of Taxes
A. A proportional tax is one that imposes the same percentage on everyone, regardless of income.

12. B. A progressive tax is one that imposes a higher percentage of tax on persons with higher incomes.
C. A regressive tax is one that imposes a higher percentage on low incomes than on high incomes.