1. C0nservative Domination
Ariana Sellers

2. Great Britain: Rule of the Tories
Aristocratic landowning classes dominate both houses of Parliament.
Two different political groups in Parliament: the Tories, and the Whigs.
Tories: controlled by the government.
Whigs: receives support from the industrious middle class.
Economic difficulties causes Tory government to enforce “Corn Law”.
Extra tariffs = protests = Peterloo Massacre in Manchester.

3. Restoration in France
Bourbon’s return to the throne of France through Louis XVIII.
Louis believed the Civil Code, and equality before the law.
Ultraroyalists criticize Louis for sticking to the features of the Napoleonic era.
New legislature made up by the Chamber of Peers and the Chamber of the Deputies.
Louis XVIII succeeded by his bro Charles X.
Passes initiative to the ultraroyalists.
Liberal newspapers = public outrage = king forced to accept ministerial responsibility.
King breaks his commitment and France is now on the brink of another revolution.

4. Intervention in the Italian States and Spain
In Spain, Bourbon’s return to the crown through Ferdinand VII.
Ferdinand agrees to the Liberal Constitution of 1812 ….. But then he changes his mind and persecutes the Cortes.
Middle-class merchants revolt and the king surrenders.
JK! Metternich’s policy of intervention allows army to invade and they force the revolutionary government to flee.

5. Repression in Central Europe
Germany professors and students organized Burschenschaften.
Metternich closed the Burschenschaften with the Karlsbad Decrees of 1819 using the Germanic Confederation.

6. Russia: Autocracy of the Tsars
Alexander I seemed like he would be willing to make reforms because of the Enlightenment, but after Napoleon’s defeat he became strict.
Secret Societies like the Northern Union opposed Alexander.
The Northern Union revolted when Alexander died and the throne was passed to his brother Nicholas, but some troops defeated them.
Nicholas was scared of another revolt so he became a full fledge reactionary.
Strengthened bureaucracy, secret police, and political police.