1. Ultimate Result of War:
There will never be an English absolute monarch
Argument between liberty and obedience, freedom and protection—Locke and Hobbes—that reverberates today

2. After the English Civil War

3. Thesis
After winning the English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell gradually assumed the role of a dictator—an absolute monarch in everything but name. This upset a country that had been torn apart via Civil War and caused much of England to believe that a codified sharing of powers was necessary. When this could not be solidified under James II, the English welcomed the Glorious Revolution, establishing the beginning of the rule of the common people, natural rights and freedoms and the modern liberal state.

4. The Republic of England
Cromwell purges the House of Commons of the remaining monarchist leaving behind the “Rump Parliament”
Crushes any remnants of the rebellion at the Battle of Worcester in 1653
Helps write The Instrument of Government—the first constitution in the English speaking world
Abolishes monarchy, establishes Cromwell as Lord Protector, calls for triennial Parliaments
Cromwell follows this for two years before getting frustrated and instituting military rule
Still trying to create perfect Puritan society (like Utopia or Christianopolis); combined with lack of rights this makes like in England horrible for a few years

5. The Restoration
Cromwell tries to make son Lord Protector, but he does a bad job; parliament invites Charles I’s son back to rule England
Charles II – The Restoration
Reinstitution of Magna Carta and Petition of Rights
tried religious toleration
Parliament (anti- Catholics) did not accept
Reestablishes control over American colonies
Emergence of political parties
Tories – generally supported the king and Anglican church
Whigs – purpose: to strengthen parliament, very anti-Catholic
Tries to pass Catholic Exclusion Act but fails
Habeas Corpus Act 1679—extended to all Englishmen during peace time

7. James II & the Glorious Revolution
James II (Charles I’s son) (r – 1689) – one of the worst kings in English history
Mistake #1: Was openly Catholic
Wanted: toleration of Catholics
ignoring previous act, placed Catholics in high official positions
Mistake #2: Openly believed in Divine Right
Tried to rule, several times, without Parliament
Suspended/ignored various acts/consitutions
At first Parliament did nothing, then James’ Catholic wife gave birth to a son…
Parliament called on Mary of Orange (daughter of James II & a protestant) and husband William and invited them to invade the country
Promised to back them when they came and make them joint monarchs
William arrives with 60,000 men and James runs away
No blood is shed whatsoever, no shots fired.
William and Mary agree to become joint rulers
Parliaments one stipulation: must sign and rule by the Bill of Rights (1689)
Known as the Glorious Revolution

9. English Bill of Rights
King/queen could not suspend laws without parliament’s consent
need approval to raise taxes
had to summon parliament and could not interfere with elections
protected rights of individuals
Weakened House of Lords and kicked Anglican Church out of Government
not entirely democratic yet – few voted, no religious toleration, but eventually resulted in
Made parliament stronger than monarch
Established the beginning of Constitutional Monarchy w/ Prime Minister and Cabinet
Basis for US Bill of Rights

10. Ireland and Scotland
England left with decision problem of what do with Ireland and Scotland.
Background on Ireland:
Plantation system
Tries to become free during ECW
Rape of Ireland, by Cromwell’s troops, after ECW
James II tried to rally Ireland after fleeing England
Battle of the Boyne (1690) William’s Dutch/English (i.e. Protestant army) called the Orange Order crush James and remaining Irish Catholic army
as punishment - Parliament passes Act of Settlement (1701)
Encourages upper and upper middle class to resettle in Ireland, mainly in the North
Only Anglican can inherit throne of Britain
Parliament impose harsh penalties on Catholics in Ireland called Irish Penal Laws
Catholics could not buy, inherit land from Protestants, could not be elected into Irish Parliament, etc.
Cause Irish to rebel with alarming regularity
Stay in place until election of Daniel O’Connell in 1829
Parliament fears that Scotland will support James
Act of Union (1707) joined England and Scotland as United Kingdom of Great Britain
Persuades Scots to do this through a series of economic incentives