1. Geography Review

3. Climate Types Savanna Tropical rain forest Desert Taiga Steppe
Mediterranean
Humid continental
Humid subtropical

4. Rainfall Influences farming
Monsoon winds bring wet or dry conditions in India
Lack of rain causes droughts and famine

5. Coastline Rough coastlines can provide harbors which assist economy
Africa has a smooth coastline which has slowed development
Land-locked nations have no coastline!

6. Rivers Need for water, irrigation, transportation
Can flood causing crop failures and famine
Can provide fertile soil particularly in deltas

7. Arable Land Land that can be used for farming
Lack of arable land caused problems in food supply
Terracing needed in mountain areas
Rivers assist in providing arable land
Irrigations systems may help

8. Resources Vital to a nation’s development
Minerals, good farmland, people are resources
Lack of resources can handicap a nation – Japan
Africa has abundance, but lacks money and technology to develop them

9. Mountains Are often a barrier to trade Poor farmland
Barrier to invasions
Haven for Incas
Separates people within a nation

10. Deserts Desertification – spread of deserts
Barrier to trade and transportation
Not good for farming
Desertification – spread of deserts

12. Islands Often separate people of a nation such as Greece
Can provide protection from invaders
Can help in isolation
Causes people to depend on sea for transportation, food

13. Islands

14. Bodies of Water Promote shipping and trading Assist in isolation
Influences food supply
Promote shipping and trading
Promote shipping and trading

15. Seas of the World

16. Impact of Geography

18. Tigris-Euphrates

19. Middle East Location – “Crossroads of the World” Lack of water
Major transportation routes – land and sea
Strategic importance led to struggles for control
Cultural diffusion occurred here – Crusades
Lack of water
Little farmland – fertile land is precious
People settle near water – Nile, Tigris-Euphrates

20. Middle East Petroleum – most of world’s oil reserves here
Provides high standard of living for nations with oil
Struggle for control of area throughout modern history
OPEC has used oil for political purposes

21. China

22. Yangtze River

23. China Rivers Mountains and deserts
civilization began along Yangtse & Yellow, fertile soil
caused floods and famines “China’s Sorrow”
Mountains and deserts
Led to isolation
Limited industrial development of China

24. India - Physical

25. Indus Valley

26. Ganges

27. India Mountains Monsoons – seasonal winds and rain
Himalayas blocked outside invaders
Several mountain passes permitted invasions
Aryans, Alexander the Great, Mughal invasions
Monsoons – seasonal winds and rain
Provide rain for crops and flooding
Uneven rainfall causes droughts and famine
Deccan Plateau – hot and dry, supports few people

28. Africa - Physical

29. Niger River

30. Africa Penetration of interior
Smooth coastline, few natural harbors – isolation, little trade
Rivers have rapids which stop travel
Tropical rain forests are difficult to penetrate
Sahara and other deserts difficult to travel
Sahel – desertification has cause Sahara to grow due to population demands and overgrazing

31. Africa
Abundance of natural resources – Europeans desired colonies here

32. Russia - Physical

33. Volga River

34. Russia and Eastern Europe
Northern European plain
Excellent for farming
Invasion routes for Napoleon and Nazi Germany
Rivers – transportation routes
Danube – major artery for trade and commerce, irrigation, hydroelectric
Volga – route from Baltic to Black Sea

35. Russia and Eastern Europe
Climate
Harsh climate has caused problems for invading armies
Siberia – vast Asian wasteland except for minerals
Warm-water Ports
Has influenced Russian history from Peter the Great to modern times
Resources
Mineral resources abundant in Russia
Vast forests provide lumber

36. Europe - Physical

37. Rhine River

38. Western Europe Location on Atlantic and Mediterranean
Led to trade, fishing, exploration, colonization
Britain protected by water – island nation
Rivers provide transportation systems
Rhine River, Seine, Thames
Mountains have been obstacles
Alps slowed down Hannibal
Greek city-states isolated by mountains and water

39. Western Europe Great Britain
Isolated from mainland Europe by English Channel
Island nation promoted large navy and exploration
Good ports along coasts
Coal and iron provided England with resources for Industrial Revolution
Rivers and streams provided sources of power and transportation

40. Japan - Physical

41. Japan Island nation Sea - offers food and trade opportunities
Offers possibility of trade and cultural contacts
Being an island also offers isolation from invaders
Tokugawa Japan shut itself off for 200 years
Sea - offers food and trade opportunities
Mountains
Little land usable for farming
use of terracing to grow crops, Japan must import food
Lack of natural resources – aggressive behavior

42. S. America - Physical

43. Amazon River

44. Latin America Amazon River Slavery
Tropical rain forests provide rubber and hardwoods
Slash and burn farming ruins the land – farming difficult
Tropical rain forests have slowed development – barrier
Slavery
Geography made area suitable for plantations and slaves

45. Latin America Andes Mountains Pampas of Argentina
Limits east/west travel
Terracing needed for farming
Pampas of Argentina
Large grassland area
Breadbasket – wheat and beef production