1. Chemistry of Life
Organic Chemistry

2. Water What do you think makes water so special?
Liquid at room temperature
Everyone needs it to survive, You are made of mostly water
It floats when it freezes
Covers 75% of the earth’s surface

3. Uneven distribution of electrons results in a polar molecule

4. Hydrogen Bond
A bond formed in polar molecules

5. Chemical Compounds in Living Things
Inorganic - Do not contain carbon
the exception is carbon dioxide
examples are: water, minerals, sand, stone, salts
Organic – carbon-containing compounds

6. Organic Chemistry
Carbon has the ability to form covalent bonds that are strong and stable
Carbon can bond to Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Hydrogen, Sulfur and more

7. Organic Chemistry Can be single, double or triple covalent bonds
Can be a ring with single or double bonds or both

8. Functional Groups

9. Phosphates
PO3

10. Polymerization Can have chains of unlimited length (polymers)
large compounds (polymers) formed by joining together smaller compounds (monomer)

11. Polymerization
Starch
Glucose

12. Compounds of Life
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Fats (lipids)
Nucleic Acids

13. Carbohydrates
Powerful Stuff

14. Carbohydrates Sugars and Starches
Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
Simplest is Monosaccharides – simple sugars
Glucose, galactose, fructose
C6H12O6
What makes them different is the arrangement of atoms
Sugars contain lots of energy (stored in the bonds)

15. Dehydration Synthesis

16. Dehydration Synthesis
2 or more monosaccharides combine to form a larger molecule (polymerize)
Join at OH groups of each molecule. One OH from one molecule combines with the H of another. What is it called when you take the water out of something? Dehydration.
Synthesis is “Putting together”. Dehydration Synthesis is putting two molecules (in this case simple sugars) together and forming a complex molecule (in this case sugar).
Monosaccharides are put together forming Disaccharides
Table Sugar (sucrose) is a disaccharide.

17. Hydrolysis

18. Hydrolysis Split apart polysaccharides
Reverse of dehydration synthesis

19. Polysaccharides Putting together many monosaccharides
Storage of sugars
Starch (Plant)
Glycogen (Animals)

20. Lipids
Phat!

21. Lipids Waxy, Oily 3 Functions: store energy form membranes
chemical messengers

22. Lipids Fatty Acids and Glycerol = lipid
Fatty acids are long chains of hydrogen and carbon atoms with a carboxyl group at one end.
Glycerol – organic alcohol – 3C each attached to a hydroxyl group (-OH) - Triglyceride
Adding two or three fatty acids to glycerol forms many lipids.

23. Lipids Saturated and Unsaturated Lipids
Saturated – every carbon is attached to another carbon with a single bond – it has the maximum # of Hydrogen atoms
Unsaturated – If any of the C are bonded with a double bond, the fatty acid is unsaturated
Polyunsaturated – If the fatty acid contains several double bonds, it is polyunsaturated

24. Lipids Arrangement Characteristics Saturated No Double Bonds
Solid at room Temp
From meats & dairy
Unsaturated
One double bond
Polyunsaturated
Several double bonds
Liquid at room temp
Cooking oils
Good for you

25. Lipids
Phospholipids – double ended molecule – one side dissolves in water the other side does not.
Forms Cell Membranes
Cholesterol is a sterol (type of lipid) – Important in cell membranes (keeps phospholipids from sticking together)
excess cholesterol is a risk factor of heart disease (clogs arteries)

26. Proteins
The meat of the matter!

27. Amino Acids
Nitrogen containing
Polymers of amino acids

28. Peptides Bond that joins two amino acids is called a Peptide Bond.
Water molecule formed when peptide bond forms
What do we call this? … Dehydration Synthesis

29. Peptide Bonds
Peptide Bond

30. Polypeptides Polypeptide – long chain of peptides
One or more polypeptide chains, and sometimes other chemical groups, form a Protein.
Proteins are important for various reasons:
Help carry out chemical reactions
Pump small molecules out of cells
Ability of cells to move

31. Enzymes
Make it happen!

32. Nucleic Acids
Its all in the genes

33. Nucleic Acids RNA and DNA
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus atoms
Polymers of nucleotides
Nucleotides are 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
Nucleotides can be linked together to form polynucleotide.
Store and transmit genetic information

34. Nucleic Acids

35. Nucleic Acids