1. VICTORIAN NOVEL Queen Victoria reigns for over 60 years (1837-1901)
The novel is the most popoular literary form during the Victorian age .

2. Victorian theme Contrast between middle-class and working class
Exploitation of labour in factories
Utilitarian philosophy
Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Exploitation of child

3. Effects of the Industrial Revolution
The unnatural setting of Industrial towns
(was a town of unnatural red and black like the painted face of a savage. It was a town of machinery and tall chimneys, out of which interminable serpents of smoke trailed themselves for ever and ever, and never got uncoiled.) [from Charles Dickens ‘ Hard Times , chapter 5]
Humans loose their characteristics
(It contained several large streets all very like one another, and many small streets still more like one another, inhabited by people equally like one another)

4. Utilitarian philosophy
In Dickens novels there is a criticism to Utiltiarianism
According to this philosophy only what was useful was good
(Fact, fact, fact, everywhere in the material aspect of the town; fact, fact, fact, everywhere in the immaterial.) [from Charles Dickens ‘ Hard Times , chapter 5]

5. Exploitation
In Oliver Twist , Charles Dickens widely denounces the problem of explotation: poor and especially children are exploited by villains.
There is the contrast between different social classes
In Vanity Fair by W. M. Thackeray , the writer deals with the authoritarian behaviour of master on their students (“do you think Miss Pinkerton will come out and send me to the black-hole?- said Rebecca , laughing.”)

6. Narrative Techniques Pathos Grotesque
Narrative technique used to make the reader partly identify with the characters feelings.
Grotesque
On the other side with the use of grotesque the writer provokes laughter and characters are too bad or too good.