1. Introduction to the Human Body

2. Anatomy: study of structure (morphology) of body parts and how they are organized

3. Physiology: study of how the body functions

4. Levels of Structural Organization
Chemical level (atoms)
Some atoms essential to physiological function (C, H, O, N, Na, Ca, K)

5. 2. Cellular level: basic structural and functional units of an organism

6. 3. Tissue level: groups of similar specialized cells and surroundings that usually arise from a similar ancestor and perform certain special functions

7. 4. Organ level: structures of definite form that are composed of two or more different tissues and have specific functions

8. 5. System level: associations of organs that have a common function

9. 6. Organism level: collection of structurally and functionally integrated systems

10. Organ System Overview Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive

11. Maintaining Life Eight functions humans must perform to maintain life
1. Maintaining boundaries
2. Movement
3. Responsiveness/irritability
4. Digestion
5. Metabolism
6. Excretion
7. Reproduction
8. Growth

12. Survival Needs Nutrients: provide energy
Oxygen: release energy from food
Water: for reactions and transportation
Heat: product of metabolic reactions
Pressure: force (atmospheric pressure – breathing and exchange of oxygen depend upon it)

13. THE Right Brain vs Left Brain test
THE Right Brain vs Left Brain test ... do you see the dancer turning clockwise or anti-clockwise?
If clockwise, then you use more of the right side of the brain and vice versa. Most of us would see the dancer turning anti-clockwise though you can try to focus and change the direction; see if you can do it. LEFT BRAIN FUNCTIONS uses logic detail oriented facts rule words and language present and past math and science can comprehend knowing acknowledges order/pattern perception knows object name reality based forms strategies practical safe RIGHT BRAIN FUNCTIONS uses feeling "big picture" oriented imagination rules symbols and images present and future philosophy & religion can "get it" (i.e. meaning) believes appreciates spatial perception knows object function fantasy based presents possibilities impetuous risk taking

14. Maintaining Physiological Limits
Homeostasis:
Maintaining Physiological Limits
condition in which the body’s internal environment remains within certain physiological limits or range regardless of external environment

15. Extracellular fluid (ECF)
Outside body cells- must be maintained precisely for cells to survive
Two types
Filling the narrow spaces between cells of tissues- called interstitial, intercellular, or tissue fluid
In blood vessels termed plasma, in lymphatic vessels termed lymph
plasma
interstitial
lymph

16. Intracellular fluid (ICF)
Fluid inside cells
ICF (cytoplasm)

17. Homeostasis ECF is constantly in motion throughout the
body - called the body’s
“internal environment”
Homeostatic requirements:
Contains the optimum concentration of gases, nutrients, ions, and water
Has optimal temperature
Has optimal volume
Demonstrated in body when needs are being adequately met
Constantly monitored & controlled

18. Maintenance of homeostasis results in health; physiological imbalance may result in disease or death

19. Stress & Homeostasis
Stress is any external or internal stimulus that creates an imbalance in the internal environment
Homeostatic mechanisms attempt to counteract effects of stress to bring condition back to normal

20. Homeostatic Controls
Regulated by nervous and endocrine systems- together or independently
Nervous system detects body changes and sends nerve impulses to counteract stress- rapid changes
Endocrine system secretes hormones- works more slowly

21. Feedback Systems (loops)
cycle of events in which information about the status of a condition is continually monitored and fed back (reported)
Receptor monitors & responds to changes in environment (stimuli)
Control center determines level at which variable is to be maintaine
Effector provides the means for the control center’s response (output) to the stimulus
Feedback is negative (depressed) or positive (enhanced)

22. Negative Feedback Mechanisms
Most homeostatic control mechanisms
Net effect of response to stimulus is to shut off original stimulus or reduce its intensity (reverse it)
Maintain conditions that need frequent monitoring and adjustment
Examples: body temperature (hypothalamus), heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, blood levels of glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, minerals, water

23. Homeostasis of Blood Pressure
Negative feedback
stimulus (stress)
rise in BP
Impulses
(output)
Impulses
(input)
control
receptors
effector
center
Sensitive nerve cells
in arteries
The brain
Heart or arterioles
restoration
response
Heart rate decreases
Arterioles dilate

24. Positive Feedback Mechanisms
Enhances original stimulus
Regulate conditions that do not occur often and do not require continual fine-tuning
Potentially dangerous or stressful events that must be completed quickly
Rare in body due to increasing the effect of the stimulus
Examples: blood clotting & labor

25. Homeostasis of Labor Contractions
stimulus (stress)
Positive feedback
Uterus stretched
Impulses
(output)
Impulses
(input)
control
effector
receptors
center
Oxytocin
released
(hormone)
Stretch-sensitive
nerve cells in
the cervix of
the uterus
hypothalmus
uterus
response
Contractions
more forceful
Cycle stops with birth of baby (no more stretching)

26. Homeostatic Imbalance
Disease: any change from a state of health, characterized
by symptoms and signs
Local disease- effects limited area or one part of body
Systemic disease- effects either entire body or several parts
With age, body organs become less efficient and internal conditions become less and less stable
Increasing risk for illness and produce changes associated with age

27. Follow the movement of the rotating pink dot with your eyes and the dots
will remain only one color, pink. But if you stare at the black + in the center,
the moving dot will turn green.

30. Directional Terms
(fig 1.1 page 15)

31. Regional Terms (fig 1.5 page 16)

32. Planes
transverse
sagittal
coronal (frontal)
(horizontal)

33. Body Cavities

35. Abdominopelvic Regions

36. Note Cards: At least 60 for full credit
Note Cards: At least 60 for full credit. However, I suggest for study purposes that you do all you can!!!
Body positions: slide (3)
Regional names: figure 1.5 page (41)
Directional terms: Table 1.1 page 15 (11)
Planes and sections: page 17 in bold (5)
Body cavities: figure 1.7, page in bold (9)
Any other vocabulary you do not understand in the chapter