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Macromolecules
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Organic Compounds
Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic.
Macromolecules are large organic molecules.
Usually with Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen or Nitrogen.
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3. Carbohydrates

4. What are Carbohydrates

5. Carbohydrates Small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules.
Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1 : 2 : 1.
Examples:
A. monosaccharide
B. disaccharide
C. polysaccharide

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Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide: one sugar unit
Examples: glucose (C6H12O6)
deoxyribose
ribose
Fructose
Galactose
glucose
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Carbohydrates
Disaccharide: two sugar unit
Examples:
Sucrose (glucose+fructose)
Lactose (glucose+galactose)
Maltose (glucose+glucose)
glucose
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Carbohydrates
Polysaccharide: many sugar units
Examples: starch (bread, potatoes)
glycogen (beef, muscle)
cellulose (lettuce, corn)
glucose
cellulose
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9. Simple Carbohydrates sugars monosaccharides – single sugars
disaccharides – 2 monosaccharides

10. Complex Carbohydrates
starches and fibers
polysaccharides
chains of monosaccharides

11. Simple Carbs monosaccharides all are 6 carbon hexes 6 carbons
12 hydrogens
6 oxygens
arrangement differs
accounts for varying sweetness
glucose, fructose, galactose

12. Bellwork – Tuesday What does it mean to be organic?
Sugars, starches, and fiber are what type of organic compound?
3. What elements make up this organic compound? What is the ratio of atoms in these elements?

13. Glucose mild sweet flavor known as blood sugar essential energy source
found in every disaccharide and polysaccharide

14. Carbohydrates
glucose provides energy for the brain and ½ of energy for muscles and tissues
glucose is immediate energy

15. Fructose sweetest sugar found in fruits and honey
added to soft drinks, cereals, desserts

16. Disaccharides pairs of the monosaccharides glucose is always present
2nd of the pair could be fructose, galactose or another glucose
maltose, sucrose, lactose

17. Sucrose fructose and glucose tastes sweet fruit, vegetables, grains
table sugar is refined sugarcane and sugar beets
brown, white, powdered

18. Lactose glucose and galactose main carbohydrate in milk
known as milk sugar

19. Lactose Intolerance

20. Complex Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides
starches
built entirely of glucose
fiber
Built from a variety of monosaccharides

21. Video on Fiber

22. Fiber structural parts of plants found in all plant derived food
bonds of fibers cannot be broken down during the digestive process
minimal or no energy available

23. Fiber types
Cellulose

24. Fiber Characteristics
associated with protection against heart disease and diabetes
lowers cholesterol and glucose levels
found in legumes(beans) and fruits

25. Fiber Insoluble promote bowel movements alleviate constipation
found in grains and vegetables

26. Glucose Homeostasis
maintaining an even balance of glucose is controlled by insulin and glucagon
insulin
moves glucose into the blood
glucagon
brings glucose out of storage

27. Imbalance
Diabetes
after food intake, blood glucose rises and is not regulated because insulin is inadequate

28. Hypoglycemia
blood glucose drops dramatically
too much insulin, activity, inadequate food intake, illness
diet adjustment includes fiber-rich carbs and protein

29. Maintaining Blood Glucose Homeostasis1
Intestine
Maintaining Blood Glucose Homeostasis
When a person eats,
blood glucose rises. 2
Pancreas
High blood glucose stimulates
the pancreas to release insulin.
Insulin 3
Insulin stimulates the uptake of
glucose into cells and storage
as glycogen in the liver and
muscles. Insulin also stimulates
the conversion of excess
glucose into fat for storage.
Liver
Fat cell
Muscle 4
As the body's cells use
glucose, blood levels decline. 5
Pancreas
Low blood glucose stimulates
the pancreas to release
glucagon into the bloodstream.
Glucagon 6
Glucagon stimulates liver
cells to break down glycogen
and release glucose into the
blood.a
Glucose
Insulin
Glucagon
Glycogen
Liver
a The stress hormone
epinephrine and other hormones
also bring glucose out of storage. 7
Blood glucose begins to
rise.