1. Napoleon

2. Rise of Napoleon 1769: Born in Corsica to minor nobility
1793 – 99: MILITARY HERO OF THE REVOLUTION
Suppresses threats to Directory
Conquers Italy
Invades Egypt
1799: coup d’etat = overthrows Directory
uses plebiscite to legitimize rule
pushes other consuls aside
“First Consul”
1802: “consul for life”

3. Europe in 1800

4. The Consulate peace with 2nd coalition Concordat w/church
Catholicism is religion of French
Church gives up confiscated prop.
Subordinates itself to state
freedom of religion
lycée schools
education based on merit
tuition based
But some poor get scholarships
restored slavery in Caribbean
limited freedom of speech/press
employed secret police
Napoleonic Code
codifies ideals of Revolution
meritocracy
standardizes laws
abolishes feudal relations and inherited titles
women’s rights restricted
Crowns himself emperor in 1804
The Consulate

5. Napoleonic Code

6. “Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon & the Empress Josephine,” 1806 by David
December 2, 1804

7. The Empire “Napoleon on His Imperial Throne” 1806
Dominates Central Europe
Organizes the Confederation of the Rhine
Leads to the desolving of the Holy Roman Empire
Occupies Berlin
Issues decrees establishing the Continental System
Austria, Prussia and Russia become open or secret allies of France
Names family members as sovereigns of European satellite states
Jerome (br.) in Westphalia
Louis (br.) in the Netherlands
Joseph (brother) in Spain
“Napoleon on His Imperial Throne” 1806
By Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres

8. French control and example leads to nationalism in Germany
Napoleon reduces number of ind. states form 300 to 30
greater efficiency in governing but also an easier concept of unification
People begin to argue that “Germany should be a single state”
Romanticism leads to a glorification of the individual and of cultures.
German folk culture is revived
Love of “Germany” reflected in music and artwork

9. Germany under Napoleon

10. The Imperial Image

11. The Empress Josephine

12. Later divorces Josephine to have an heir
Marries Maria-Louise of Austria
Napoleon Francis Joseph Charles: ( )

13. Battles (1805) Austerlitz Trafalgar: Land battle
defeats Austria/Russia
wins control of continent
Trafalgar:
naval loss to British
can’t invade Britain
British naval supremacy 100 yrs

14. Napoleon’s Europe

15. (his three big mistakes)
Napoleon overreaches
(his three big mistakes)
1806: est. Continental System keep British goods out of Europe by imposing blockade
hurts continental economies
doesn’t reduce French tariffs
Britain survives b/c naval access to colonies
1808: Peninsular War vs. Spain/Portugal
tries to stop smuggling
places brother on throne, attacks church
faces guerilla warfare
1812: Invasion of Russia
“scorched-earth” strategy
disaster, Grand Army destroyed

16. Napoleonic Europe

17. The Continental System

18. Napoleon invades Russia

19. Napoleon invades Russia

20. The Hundred Days 1814: abdicates and exiled to Elba
escapes from exile
Waterloo = final defeat
exiled to St. Helena (south Atlantic)
1821 dies

21. Waterloo, 1815

22. Napoleon in defeat

23. recreate European stability after French Revolution and Napoleon
Includes major powers
Britain, Russia, Austria, Prussia AND “Bourbon” France
Chief diplomat
Prince Klemens von METTERNICH
foreign minister of Austria
Goals:
Contain France
Kingdom of the Netherlands
Prussia enlarged w/territory bordering France
Balance of power
France left intact and independent
“Legitimacy”
Restore pre-revolution monarchs to their thrones
Congress of Vienna (1815)

24. Containing France Europe 1815
#1 Netherlands enlarged (given Austrian Netherlands or “Belgium”)
#2 Prussian given territory on French border

25. the Conservative Order
“Regicides and sans-culottes do not suddenly appear. In France there were first Encyclopedists, then Constitutionalists, next Republicans, and finally regicides and high traitors. In order not to have the last type one must prevent Encyclopedists and Constitutionalists from becoming established.”
- Austrian minister to Prussia, 1824

26. Concert of Europe “Concert of Europe”
Holy Alliance (Russia, Prussia & Austria)
uphold absolutism, fight secularism in Central and Eastern Europe
Monarchs help each other suppress revolts
“conservative” vs. liberals, radicals, nationalists
Revolution of 1830 (France)
Revolutions of 1848 (across Europe)
Relative peace for approx. 100 years
Exceptions:
Crimean War (1853 – 56)
France, Great Britain and Ottomans vs. Russia
Disproves post-Napoleonic wars assumption that Russia was “invincible”
Franco-Prussia War ( )
leads to German unification