1. Classification

2. Classification The grouping of organisms based on similarities.
Allows us to study relationships between species.
Helps assign names to organisms.

3. How are organisms classified?
Structural similarities
Potential to mate
Geographic distribution
Chromosomes
DNA sequence
Evolutionary relationship in fossil record

4. 7 Levels of Classification (Largest to Smallest)
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

6. Taxonomy The science of naming and classifying organisms.
Aristotle: 1st to classify organisms.
Placed into two groups: Plants and Animals

8. Carlous Linnaeus
Swedish botanist who developed the naming system for classifying organisms called binomial nomenclature.

9. Binomial Nomenclature- system used universally for naming organisms.
Each name consists of two words (Genus and Species)
First word capitalized
Second word lower-case
Both word written in italics
Ex: Ursus arctos- Scientific Name
(Genus) (species)
Common name is Grizzly Bear.

11. Another Example of Naming
Acer rubrum (Red maple)
Acer = genus including
all maple trees
rubrum = red

12. The 6 Kingdoms

13. Archaebacteria Unicellular
Prokaryote- no nucleus or membrane bound organelles (have DNA, cytoplasm and ribosomes)
Autotroph or heterotroph.
Cell wall without peptidoglycan- a carbohydrate
Ex: Methanogens, Halophiles

14. An undersea Black Smoker!!

15. Eubacteria Unicellular Prokaryote Autotroph or Heteroptroph
Cell wall with peptidoglycan
Ex: Streptococcus, E. Coli

16. This guy causes 80% of all ulcers!!

18. Protista Most unicellular, some multicellular Eukaryote
Autotroph or Heterotroph
Cell wall of cellulose, some have chloroplasts
Ex: Amoeba, Paramecium

21. Fungi Most multicellular, one unicellular (yeast) Eukaryote
Heterotroph
Cell wall made of chitin, no chloroplasts
Ex: Mushrooms, mold, yeast, morel

24. Plantae Multicellular Eukaryote Autotroph
Cell wall made of cellulose, has chloroplasts
Ex: mosses, ferns, flowering plants

26. Animalia Multicellular Eukaryote Heterotrophs
No cell wall, no chloroplast
Ex: sponges, worms, insects, fish, birds, amphibians, reptiles, mammals

32. Classification based on Evolutionary Relationships
Phylogeny: the evolutionary history for a group of species.
Cladistics: classification based on common ancestry.
Scientists look at more than just physical traits when classifying organisms.
Cladistics places species in the order in which they descended from a common ancestor.

33. Cladogram
Cladogram: evolutionary tree that proposes how species may be related to each other through common ancestors.
Derived Characters: traits that are shared among a group of species but not shared with others. Used to determine evolutionary relationships.

36. Dichotomous Key
Chart of paired statements used to identify an organism.
Classifying into two opposite parts.
For Example:
1a. Organism has hair or fur……………..Go to 2
1b. Organism does not have hair or fur….Go to 5