1. Chapter 1 Introduction

2. Contents
Organization & Architecture
Structure & Function

3. Computer Architecture
Organization and architecture
Bear: “The design of the integrated system which provides a useful tool to the programmer”
Hayes: “The study of the structure, behavior and design of computers”
Abd-Alla: “The design of the system specification at a general or subsystem level”
Foster: “The art of designing a machine that will be a pleasure to work with”
Hennessy and Patterson: “The interface between the hardware and the lowest level software”

4. Computer Architecture
Organization and architecture
Common themes
Design/structure
Art
System
Tool for programmer and application
Interface
Thus, computer architecture refers to those attributes of the system that are visible to a programmer-- those attributes that have a direct impact on the execution of a program
Instruction sets
Data representation
Addressing
I/O

5. Architecture & Organization
Organization and architecture
Architecture is those attributes visible to the
programmer
Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques.
e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?
Organization is how features are implemented
Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.
e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by
repeated addition?

6. Architecture & Organization
Organization and architecture
All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture
The IBM System/370 family share the same basic
architecture
This gives code compatibility
At least backwards
Organization differs between different versions

7. Structure & Function A computer is a complex system
Structure and function
A computer is a complex system
A description of complex system is to recognize the hierarchic nature of most complex systems
The hierarchic nature of complex systems is essential to their design and description
The behavior at each level depends only on a simplified, abstracted characterization of the system at the next lower level

8. Structure & Function
Structure and function
Structure is the way in which components relate to each other
Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structure

9. Function All computer functions are: Data processing Data storage
Structure and function
All computer functions are:
Data processing
Data storage
Data movement
Control

10. Functional view Functional view of a computer Storage Facility Data
Structure and function
Functional view of a computer
Data
Movement
Apparatus
Control
Mechanism
Storage
Facility
Processing

11. Operations e.g. keyboard to screen Data movement Storage Facility Data
Structure and function
Data movement
e.g. keyboard to screen
Data
Movement
Apparatus
Control
Mechanism
Storage
Facility
Processing

12. Operations e.g. Internet download to disk Storage Storage Facility
Structure and function
Storage
e.g. Internet download to disk
Data
Movement
Apparatus
Control
Mechanism
Storage
Facility
Processing

13. Operations e.g. updating bank statement Processing from/to storage
Structure and function
Processing from/to storage
e.g. updating bank statement
Data
Movement
Apparatus
Control
Mechanism
Storage
Facility
Processing

14. Operations e.g. printing a bank statement
Structure and function
Processing from storage to I/O
e.g. printing a bank statement
Data
Movement
Apparatus
Control
Mechanism
Storage
Facility
Processing

15. Structure
Outline of the book
The computer is an entity that interacts in some fashion with its external environment

16. Top-Level Structure Top-Level structure Central processing unit (CPU)
Main memory
I/O
System interconnection

17. Top-Level Structure Peripherals Central Main Processing Memory Unit
Structure and function
Computer
Main
Memory
Input
Output
Systems
Interconnection
Peripherals
Communication
lines
Central
Processing
Unit

18. The Central Processing Unit(CPU)
Structure and function
Computer
Arithmetic
and
Login Unit
Control
Unit
Internal CPU
Interconnection
Registers
CPU
I/O
Memory
System
Bus

19. The Control Unit Control Unit Arithmetic CPU and Registers Login Unit
Structure and function
CPU
Arithmetic
and
Login Unit
Control
Unit
Internal CPU
Interconnection
Registers
ALU
Internal
Bus
Control Unit