1. Biochemistry Notes

2. Carbon Organic molecules contain carbon.
Carbon has 4 electrons available for bonding.

3. Isomers
Have same chemical formula but different three dimensional structure

4. Polymer
Polymer - a molecular chain made up of smaller molecules bonded together (poly = many)

5. Monomer Monomer - 1 subunit of a polymer (mono = one)
Glucose is an example of a monomer

6. Macromolecules
Macromolecule - large organic molecule made up of polymers

7. Carbohydrates Organic compound made up of C, H & O
Store and release energy
Monosaccharide (glucose:C6H12O6, fructose)
Disaccharide - 2 monosaccharides (glucose + fructose = sucrose)
Polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen) - food storage and cell structures
Glycogen - animal cells
Starch - plant energy
Cellulose-plant cell struct.

8. Polysaccharide

9. Cellulose in a Plant

10. Lipids Monomers are fatty acids
Ex.– fats, oils, & phospholipids in cell membranes
Non-polar - insoluble in water
Structure
3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol

11. Lipid function
Long-term energy storage, insulation, cell structure (lipid bi-layer/cell membrane)

12. Saturated Fatty Acid Solid at room temperature Bad for heart
Meat, butter
Contain lots of hydrogen atoms and carbons are linked with single bonds in fatty acid chain

13. Unsaturated Fatty Acid
Liquid at room temperature
Good for your heart
Olive oil, nuts, fish.
Contain few hydrogen atoms because carbon atoms have double bonds in fatty acid chain.

14. Proteins
Proteins provide structure (skin, hair, cartilage, muscle) and are carry out all cell metabolism (enzymes)
The shape determines function
Monomer—amino acids
Linked together by peptide bonds (type of covalent bond)

15. Protein Structure Primary – amino acid sequence
Secondary - hydrogen bonding between a.a.’s
causes twisting; 2-D shape
Tertiary - additional folding
functional protein; 3-D shape
Quaternary - 2 or more amino acid (polypeptide) chains
complex

16. Primary Structure
Secondary
Teritary
Quaternary

17. Nucleic Acids Macromolecule that stores and transfers genetic material
Made up of nucleotides
made up of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA: ribonucleic acid

18. Nucleotides

19. Reactions of Polymers
Dehydration Synthesis – small molecules are linked together to form large molecules
Lose one molecule of water when this happens
Hydrolysis – large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules.
Water molecule is used to break up the polymer

20. Dehydration Synthesis
Also called condensation reaction
Two molecules become covalently bonded to one another
One molecule looses OH – the other looses H to form water H2O

21. Hydrolysis
Molecule is split into two parts by reacting with water. One of the parts gets an OH- from the water molecule and the other part gets an H+ from the water.