1. Friday, 4/4/14 Day 2 2- Fill out your Agenda. Science Starter:
Science Starters
Sheet
Agenda
2- Fill out your Agenda.
Science Starter:
AIMS Review Questions
4- When you are done, read your AR book.

2. Please put these in the Friday box.
Newton(Sir Isaac)-was an English physicist and mathematician who is widely recognized as one of the most influential scientists of all time. formulated the laws of motion.
Preistly(Joseph)-(1733–1804), best remembered for his discovery of the gas that would later be named "oxygen,"
Baker 2003/2004

3. Whose got Genes? Genes, Heredity, & DNA www.sciencequeen.net
Baker 2003/2004

4. What is GENETICS?
The study of how traits are inherited through the interactions of genes.
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5. What are genes?
Genes are a segment of DNA on a chromosome that controls a particular trait.
Genes are located on the chromosomes in the nuclei. Each organims has a fixed number of chromosomes.
Humans have 23 pairs (46) chromosomes.
Genetics is the study of how traits are passed on from one generation to another
                                  
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6. Define TRAIT Ways of looking, thinking, or being
Traits that are genetic are passed down through the genes from parents to offspring
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7. Describe RECESSIVE
A trait that is covered over, or dominated, by another form of that trait and seems to disappear
Hidden when the other copy of the gene contains the dominant allele.
A recessive allele shows up only when there is no dominant allele present
Shown with a lower-case letter
Baker 2003/2004

8. Describe DOMINANT
A trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait
Trait that always shows up, even when only one of the two alleles is in the dominant form
Shown by a capital letter
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9. Define GENOTYPE
An organism's genetic makeup
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10. Outward physical appearance and behavior of an organism
Define PHENOTYPE
Outward physical appearance and behavior of an organism
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11. What is a PUNNETT SQUARE?
Used to determine the likely hood that the offspring receives a certain trait.
An uppercase letter stands for a dominant allele
Lowercase letters stand for recessive alleles
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12. Punnett Squares
Sample Problem 1.   In roses, red flowers are dominant over white flowers. What are the possible offspring when a homozygous red rose is crossed with a homozygous white rose.
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13. Generation 1 (I Do) R R Red rose = RR white rose = rr R r R r r
Genotype
4 Rr
Phenotype
100% Red Rose R r r R r
Baker 2003/2004

14. Generation 2 (We do) R r r r R r r Red rose = Rr white rose = rr R r r
Genotype
2 Rr 2 rr
Phenotype
50% Red 50% White R r r r r
Baker 2003/2004

15. Generation 3 (You do) R r Red rose = Rr R r R R R Genotype
Phenotype
75% Red 25% White R r r r r
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16. Whose got Genes? Part 2
Genes, Heredity, & DNA
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17. The passing of traits from parent to offspring
Define HEREDITY
The passing of traits from parent to offspring
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18. Define ALLELE The different forms of a trait that a gene may have
One form of a gene
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19. What is HOMOZYGOUS? Both alleles [forms of the gene] are the same
When offspring inherit two dominant genes, (one dominant gene from each parent) they are said to be homozygous dominant
When offspring inherit two recessive genes, (one recessive gene from each parent) they are said to be homozygous recessive AA aa
Baker 2003/2004

20. What is HETEROZYGOUS? When alleles occur in different formsAa
What is HETEROZYGOUS?
When alleles occur in different forms
When offspring inherit one dominant gene and one recessive gene, they are said to be heterozygous
Since the dominant gene will be expressed, they are said to be heterozygous dominant
Baker 2003/2004

21. Generation 1 B Brown Eyes are Dominant to b Blue Eyes B b Heterozygous
Homozygous recessive b b B b b
Genotype
2 Bb 2bb
Phenotype
50% Brown
50% Blue B b b b b
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22. Generation 2 B Brown Eyes are Dominant to b Blue Eyes B B
Homozygous Dominant
Homozygous Recessive B b B b b
Genotype
4 Bb
Phenotype
100% Brown Eyes b B b B b
Baker 2003/2004

23. Generation 3 B Brown Eyes are Dominant to b Blue Eyes B B
Homozygous Dominant
Heterozygous B B B B B
Genotype
2 BB 2 Bb
Phenotype
100% Brown Eyes B b b B b
Baker 2003/2004

24. Three reasons why cells reproduce by asexual reproduction: 1. Growth 2
Three reasons why cells reproduce by asexual reproduction: Growth Repair Replacement
Skin cancer - the abnormal growth of skin cells - most often develops on skin exposed to the sun.
Cell that reproduce by asexual reproduction reproduce constantly.

25. Animated Mitosis Cycle
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase & Cytokinesis

26. Interphase occurs before mitosis begins
Chromosomes are copied (# doubles)
Chromosomes appear as threadlike coils (chromatin) at the start, but each chromosome and its copy(sister chromosome) change to sister chromatids at end of this phase
CELL MEMBRANE
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

27. Prophase 1st step in Mitosis
Mitosis begins (cell begins to divide)
Centrioles (or poles) appear and begin to move to opposite end of the cell.
Spindle fibers form between the poles.
Centrioles
Sister chromatids
Spindle fibers

28. Metaphase 2nd step in Mitosis
Chromatids (or pairs of chromosomes) attach
to the spindle fibers.
Centrioles
Spindle fibers

29. Anaphase 3rd step in Mitosis
Chromatids (or pairs of chromosomes). separate and begin to move to opposite ends of the cell
Centrioles
Spindle fibers

30. Telophase 4th step in Mitosis
Two new nuclei form.
Chromosomes appear as chromatin (threads rather than rods).
Mitosis ends.
Nuclei
Nuclei
Chromatin

31. Cytokinesis occurs after mitosis
Cell membrane moves inward to create two daughter cells with identical chromosomes.

32. Animal Mitosis -- Review
Interphase                                                             
Prophase                                                             
Metaphase                                                             
Anaphase                                                             
Telophase                                                             

33. Plant Mitosis -- Review
Interphase                                                             
Prophase                                                             
Metaphase                                                             
Anaphase                                                             
Telophase                                                             

34. Meiosis is the type of:
Cell division by which eggs and sperm are produced.
One parent cell produces four daughter cells.
Daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes found in the original parent cell

35. During meiosis, DNA replicates once, but the nucleus divides twice.

36. First division of meiosis
Meiosis I
First division of meiosis

37. First Division of Meiosis
Same as the mitosis.
Cell divides into 2 cells with the same genetic information

38. Second Division of Meiosis

39. Second Division of Meiosis
Prophase 2: DNA does not replicate.
Metaphase 2: Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell
Anaphase 2: Centromeres divide and sister chromatids move separately to each pole.
Telophase 2: Cell division is complete.
Four haploid daughter cells are formed.

40. Meiosis

41. Meiosis Animation

42. Differences in Mitosis & Meiosis
Asexual
Cell divides once
Two daughter cells
Genetic information is identical
Creates regular cells
Meiosis
Sexual
Cell divides twice
Four haploid daughter cells
Genetic information is different
Only creates sex cells
E.g. sperm and eggs

43. Literal definition: the act of living together
What is symbiosis?
Literal definition: the act of living together
What it means:
Two organisms that live together
Temporarily or for a longer time
At least one of the organisms benefits from the relationship

44. What are the different kinds of symbiosis?
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
one organism benefits
both organisms benefit
one organism benefits
one organism is unaffected
one organism is harmed

45. Parasitism: one benefits, one is harmed
Example 1: Acacia plant with ant galls
Ants lay eggs on acacia tree Acacia covers the infected area with brown flesh (gall)
Parasitism: one benefits, one is harmed

46. Mutualism: both benefit
Example 2: Moray Eel with Cleaner Fish
Moray Eel gets a clean mouth Cleaner Fish gets a meal
Mutualism: both benefit

47. Commensalism: one benefits, one is unaffected
Example 3: Cattle with cattle egrets
Cattle stir up insects as they eat grass Egrets hang around and eat insects
Commensalism: one benefits, one is unaffected

48. Mutualism: Both benefit
Example 4: Clown fish with anemone
Clown fish gets protection Anemone
gets food
Mutualism: Both benefit

49. Mutualism: both benefit
Example 5: Antelope with Oxbird
Antelope gets rid of parasites Oxbird gets a meal
Mutualism: both benefit

50. Parasitism: one benefits, one is harmed
Example 6: Taenia worm in human eye
Worm infects human blood stream Human may go blind
Parasitism: one benefits, one is harmed