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Expanding Markets & Moving Westward
Chapter 9
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The Market Revolution Section 1
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U.S. Markets Expand Market Specialization Revolution Nation
Industrializes Specialization Market Revolution
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U.S. Markets Expand Market Revolution Capitalism Entrepreneurs
Economic system where private businesses & individuals control means of production to earn profits Businessmen who invested their own money in new industries
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U.S. Markets Expand Effects Of Market Revolution
Increased Demand for Food Effects Of Market Revolution New Agricultural Technology Prices Drop
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Inventions and Improvements
For both comfort and economic growth Charles Goodyear = vulcanized rubber Elias Howe = sewing machine I.M. Singer = foot treadle Samuel F.B. Morse = telegraph Alexander Graham Bell = telephone
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Benefits of Inventions
Telegraph Vulcanized rubber Sewing Machine Foot Treadle Instant contact, transmit orders, up-to-date information, safety hazards Didn’t freeze in cold; didn’t melt in heat. Leads to automobile tires Faster production of clothing; first found in shoe factories Drastically reduced time needed to sew garments
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Economic Revolution INVENTION BENEFITS Steamboat Canals Railroad
Increased travel speed; faster than horse & buggy More direct routes to farther areas; connected Northeast to Midwest Speed advantage over boats; operate in winter; 4 times faster
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New Markets Link Regions
U.S. regions became interdependent South: cotton Midwest: Grain & Livestock Northeast: Textiles & machinery John Deere invents steel plow Cyrus McCormick invents mechanical reaper
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Manifest Destiny Section 2
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The Frontier Lures Settlers
Manifest destiny The belief that U.S. destiny was to expand to the Pacific Ocean & into Mexican territory After annexation of Texas in 1845 Why move west? Abundance of land Escape financial issues Asian trade opportunities
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Settlers & Native Americans
Continue to force N.A. west Lead to Black Hawk War Black Hawk leads rebellion Defeated by IL militia Sauk & Fox forced West Issue of Middle Ground Land neither group controlled Settlers depend on NAs, relations are good Ft. Laramie Treaty NAs get lands in Central Plains Agree not to attack settlers US doesn’t honor treaty
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Trails West Santa Fe Trail Oregon Trail 780 mile trail from MO to NM
Seeking wealth Silver, gold, furs Oregon Trail Independence, MO to Portland, OR Methodist ministers, farmers, settlers Seeking fertile land or converts
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Mormon Migration Escape persecution Founded by Joseph Smith in NY
Move to IL, where killed Brigham Young leads west Settle in Salt Lake City, UT
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Resolving Territorial Disputes
Issue of Oregon Territory “joint occupation” with Britain “Fifty-Four Forty of Fight” Latitude 54° 40’ British lose interest in territory US gains OR
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Expansion in Texas Section 3
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Americans Settle in Southwest
Stephen F. Austin first to settle Texas Mexico wins independence NAs threaten settlers’ safety US-Mexico trade increases Mexico wants control of northern provinces Encourages US settlers in Texas Emprasarios given land grants Must follow laws & religion
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Austin in Texas Most successful empresario Built on moral values
Settlers given land & tax exemptions Mexico refuses to sell Texas to U.S.
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Texas Fights for Independence
Cultural differences in Texas Language Religion Slavery Mexico bans settlers Ineffective police Austin vs. Santa Anna Austin wants self- governance Santa Anna wants obedience Both raise armies
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“Remember the Alamo” 1835: armies meet in San Antonio
12 days of fighting at The Alamo All 187 Texans die Including Jim Bowie & Davy Crockett Rallying cry for Texans
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Texas Fights for Independence
Continue to fight for freedom Battle of San Jacinto Texans led by Sam Houston Defeat Santa Anna in roughly 15 minutes Capture Santa Anna Treaty of Velasco Texas granted independence Houston becomes president
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Texas Joins the Union Becomes Republic of Texas
Multiple requests to annex Issue of slavery J.Q.A. = anti-slavery Daniel Webster = anti- slavery Possible war with Mexico Annexed in 1845 James K. Polk annexes Texas
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The War with Mexico Section 4
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Polk Urges War 1845: U.S. annexes Texas Hostilities again with Mexico
Why does Polk want war? Add NM & CA Border dispute Rio Grande or Neuces River Slidell’s rejection Spanish speaking rep. Refused by Herrera
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Sectional Attitudes Northern view Southern view Opposed war
Lincoln questions justification No expansion of slavery Propose Wilmot Proviso Southern view Expand slavery Power in Congress
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War Begins Zachary Taylor provokes war Blockades Rio Grande
John C. Fremont leads expedition in CA Another violation of territorial rights? 11 soldiers killed War declared
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War Breaks Out Kearny Marches West War in Mexico
Colonel Stephen Kearny enters NM “Long Marcher” Takes NM w/o shot With Fremont take CA Proclaim Bear Flag Republic War in Mexico US very successful Emergence of Lee & Grant Capture Monterrey, Buena Vista, Veracruz & Mexico City
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Spoils of War Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Gadsden Purchase
Rio Grande set as Southern border US pays $15 mil. for cession CA, NV, NM, UT, AZ Gadsden Purchase Established current border of 48 states Election of 1848 Zachary Taylor wins Mexican War hero
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California Gold Rush 1848: James Marshall discovers gold
Mass migration to CA “Forty-niners” Population boom 1850: CA becomes free state
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