1. Funnel-Tipped Aortic Cannula for Reduction of Atheroemboli
Jennifer K. White, MD, Anand Jagannath, MS, Jim Titus, Ryuichi Yoneyama, MD, Joren Madsen, MD, PhD, Arvind K. Agnihotri, MD 
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 
Volume 88, Issue 2, Pages (August 2009)
DOI: /j.athoracsur
Copyright © 2009 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

2. Fig 1
Tested cannulae. (A) straight-tip; (B) Soft Flow; (C) Dispersion; (D) 80° cannula; (E) funnel-tip cannula.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.athoracsur )
Copyright © 2009 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

3. Fig 2
Test setup for pressure versus flow measurements. Arrows indicate direction of fluid flow. Pressure measured at cannula luer connector 3 inches proximal to tip. (PT = pressure transducer.)
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.athoracsur )
Copyright © 2009 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

4. Fig 3
Pressure drop versus flow for all tested cannulae. Soft Flow and funnel-tip cannula exhibited lowest pressure drops at all flows. (♢ = 45 degree; ■ = dispersion; ○ = Soft Flow; open triangle = 80 degree; ▴ = test funnel.)
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.athoracsur )
Copyright © 2009 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

5. Fig 4
Phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PCMRI) flow intensity mapping and color gradient. (1) 45 degree straight-tip; (2) Soft Flow; (3) Dispersion; (4) 80 degree straight-tip; (5) funnel-tip. (A) proton density map; (B) gray scale absolute velocity profile; (C) color-encoded absolute velocity profile; (D) velocity vector map. Color scale indicates velocity from 0 to 500 cm/second (blue to red, respectively).
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.athoracsur )
Copyright © 2009 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

6. Fig 5
Fluid flow patterns from cannulae tips (A) and particle dislodgment patterns (B) for tested cannulae. (1) 45 degree straight-tip; (2) Soft Flow; (3) Dispersion; (4) 80 degree angled-tip; (5) funnel-tip. (Note: semicircular hole at edges of sheet is cannulation site and is not part of particulate dislodgement pattern.)
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.athoracsur )
Copyright © 2009 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

7. Fig 6
Mass of dislodged particles at 2, 3, and 5 L/minute flow for all tested cannulae. Funnel-tip cannula liberated less particulate mass than all other cannulae at 3 and 5 L/minute. (□ = 5 liter flow; = 3 liter flow; ■ = 2 liter flow.)
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.athoracsur )
Copyright © 2009 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions