1. NARRATION AND POINT OF VIEW

2. Narration Terminology
Narrator – fiction is mediated or represented to us through someone else
Voice – narrator telling a story (style and tone)
Focus – visual angle
Point of View – voice and focus combined (look at style and tone)
Irony – intention or attitude opposite to that which is actually stated

3. Types of Narrators
Third Person Narrator – tells an unidentified listener or reader what happened, referring to characters using “he,” “she”, or “they.” Narrator is not a character.
Omniscient – has access to the thoughts, perceptions, or experiences of more than one character.
Limited – external 3rd person narrator who tells the story from a distinct point of view.
Objective – does not explicitly report characters thoughts and feelings but obliquely suggests them through characters speech and actions.

4. Types of Narrators Continued
First Person Narrator – uses pronoun “I”
Auditor – a listener within the fiction whose possible reaction is part of the story. To determine auditor, ask: To whom is the narrator speaking? Is it just anyone reading, or does it seem like the narrator is addressing you as a friend? A witness? A victim? A confidante? A specific person or role, like a member of a jury? In other words, is there an unusual relationship between speaker and listener?
Unreliable narrator – a narrator that is a villain, insane, fool, liar, hypocrite; effective at producing irony.

5. Types of Narrators Continued
Second Person Narrator – speak to “you,” reader becomes character in the story

6. Important Points
Know the difference between the narrator and the author (implied author: perspective and values that govern the entire work, including the narrator)
Do not trust narrator’s words as absolute truth