1. Who were these kings?
Daniel 11:1 Also I (angel Gabriel from Daniel 10) in the first year of Darius the Mede (538 BC), even I (Gabriel) stood to confirm and to strengthen him (Daniel). 2 And now will I show thee the truth. Behold, there shall stand up yet three kings in Persia (Cambyses , Smyrdis, Hystaspes); and the fourth (Xerxes) shall be far richer than they all: and by his strength through his riches he shall stir up all against the realm of Grecia.
Cambyses = Ahasuerus Ezra 4:6 – BC but not the Ahasuerus in Esther.
Smerdis 522 (= Bardouua an imposture)
Darius Hystaspes Ezra4:5; 5:5 as Darius
Xerxes or Ahasuerus BC in Esther 1:1. He was the last Persian king to invade Greece after which there were nine minor rulers ( BC) before the “mighty king” (Alexander) in v.3.
This next sections is so detailed that Bible critics have major problems and say it must have been written after the fact.

2. Cassander – Greece, and influence at Rome
3. And a mighty king (Alexander the Great) shall stand up, that shall rule with great dominion, (defeated Xerxes in the battle of Arbela in 331 BC) and do according to his will. 4 And when he shall stand up, his kingdom shall be broken (323 BC), and shall be divided toward the four winds of heaven; (divided by his four generals), and not to his posterity, nor according to his dominion which he ruled: for his kingdom shall be plucked up even for others beside those.
Cassander – Greece, and influence at Rome
Lysimachus – Asia Minor and North of Greece
Seleucus – Syria and Babylon to the East
Ptolemy – Egypt and North Africa

3. Why didn’t this marriage alliance work?
A marriage alliance that didn’t work!
5 And the king of the south (Ptolemy 1 Soter) shall be strong, and one of his (Alexander’s) princes (Seleucus 1 of Syria); and he shall be strong above him, and have dominion; his dominion shall be a great dominion. (Seleucus 1 of Syria had 75% of Alexander’s dominion) 6 And in the end of years (35 years after the death of Seleucus 1) they (Antiochus II and Ptolemy II) shall join themselves together; for the king's daughter of the south (Berenice Ptolemy) shall come to the king of the north (Antiochus) to make an agreement: but she shall not retain the power of the arm (protection); neither shall he (Antiochus II who was poisoned by Laodice his previous divorced wife ) stand, nor his arm: but she shall be given up (Berenice murdered in 246 BC), and they that brought her (Berenice’s Egyptian court) , and he that (was) begat (of) her (Berenice”s son), and he (Antiochus II) that strengthened her in these times (after his murder, Berenice and her son later were also murdered).
Why didn’t this marriage alliance work?
Jealousy of Laodice the previous wife of Antiochus II

4. Berenice’s Brother (king of the south)
Takes Revenge!
Dan. 11:7 But out of a branch of her (Berenice) roots shall one (her brother, Ptolemy III Euergetes) stand up in his estate, which shall come with an army, and shall enter into the fortress of the king of the north (Seleucis II) and shall deal against them, and shall prevail: 8 And shall also carry captives into Egypt their gods, with their princes, and with their precious vessels of silver and of gold; and he shall continue more years than the king of the north. 9 So the king of the south shall come into his kingdom, and shall return into his own land (Ptolemy III died in 221 BC)
Ptolemy III Euergetes
 [ BC]

5. Antiochus III the great
The King of the North invades the King of the South
v.10 But his (Seleucus II) sons (Seleucus III & Antiochus III the great) shall be stirred up, and shall assemble a multitude of great forces: and one (Antiochus III) shall certainly come, and overflow, and pass through (219 BC): then shall he return (to conquer Israel), and be stirred up, even to his fortress.
Antiochus III the great

6. Kings of the North and South in conflict
Daniel 11:11 And the king of the south (Ptolemy IV) shall be moved (217 BC) with choler (bad temper), and shall come forth and fight (battle of Raphia) with him, even with the king of the north (Antiochus III): and he shall set forth a great multitude; but the multitude shall be given into his hand (King of the South).

7. 5 year old Ptolemy V in 203 becomes King
Daniel11:12 And when he (Ptolemy IV) hath taken away the multitude (army of Antiochus III), his heart shall be lifted up; and he shall cast down many ten thousands (even 10,000 footmen and 300 horses): but he shall not be strengthened by it. 13 For the king of the north (Antiochus III) shall return (after 14 years), and shall set forth a multitude greater than the former, and shall certainly come after certain years (in 201 BC invades the Egyptian territory of Israel) with a great army and with much riches.
Antiochus III picked a good time to come with a five year old Ptolemy V the king of the South.
Ptolemy V

8. Introducing Rome as robbers!
Pagan Imperial Rome
“The robber through taxation”
Daniel11:14 And in those times there shall many (rebellious Egyptians) and (Antiochus III and Philip of Macedon) shall stand up against the king of the south (5 year old Ptolemy V): also the robbers (by taxiation) of thy (Daniel’s) people (Israel) (introducing the new power of Rome) shall exalt themselves to establish the vision; but they (Antiochus III and Philip of Macedon) shall fall (Macedonia in 168 BC and Syria in 65 BC.)
200 BC Rome was the mistress of the western Mediterranean and had begun to enter into contracts with the east.
190 BC Rome defeated Antiochus III the Great.
168 BC Battle of Pydna ending the monarchy of Macedonia.
161 BC Israel became a Roman “protectorate”.
Introducing Rome as robbers!

9. Daniel 11:15 So the king of the north (Antiochus III being checked by Rome) shall come (against Israel), and cast up a mount and take the most fenced cities (Sidon and Jerusalem): and the arms of the south shall not withstand (Scopas of Egypt), neither his chosen people, neither shall there be any strength to withstand (Antiochus III).

10. Antiochus III the Great not so great!
Daniel11:16 But he (Antiochus III the Great) that cometh against him shall do according to his own will, and none shall stand before him (including Rome): and he shall stand in the glorious land (Israel), which by his hand shall be consumed.

11. Who was the daughter of women?
Daniel 11:17 He (Antiochus, having conquered Coelesyria, Phoenicia, and Judea, should set his face towards the land of Greece) shall also set his face to enter with the strength of his whole kingdom, and upright ones (Israelites) with him; thus shall he do: and he (Antiochus III to secure Egypt against Rome) shall give him (Ptolemy Epiphanes) the daughter of women (Cleopatra corrupting her: but she shall not stand on his Antiochus III) side, neither be for him (Cleopatra sided with her husband Ptolemy Epiphanes against her dad in congratulating Rome’s victory over her dad).
Cleopatra is the daughter of Antiochus III and NOT the famous Cleopatra who joined herself to Mark Antony, the enemy of Octavius. Octavius defeated the combined forces of Cleopatra and Antony in 31 BC causing both to commit suicide in 30 BC.

12. Antiochus the great wasn’t so great!
Daniel11:18 After this shall he (Antiochus III) turn his face unto the isles (of Greece), and shall take many: but a prince (chieftain L.Scipio), for his own behalf shall cause the reproach (invasion) offered by him to cease (defeated Antiochus); without his own reproach he shall cause it to turn upon him (Antiochus III was required to pay the Romans 15,000 talents). 19 Then he shall turn his face toward the fort of his own land (Syria): but he shall stumble and fall (murdered with his attendants in BC 187) and not be found.
One talent of gold = 66 lbs therefore (66)(15000)(16)(1700) = 27 trillion dollars!
Antiochus III the great

13. Why the requirement to raise taxes?
Daniel 11:20 Then shall stand up in his estate (Antiochus III, his son Seleucus Philopater) a raiser of taxes in the glory of the kingdom: but within few days he shall be destroyed, neither in anger, nor in battle. (poisoned by his prime minister)
To pay the Romans the 15,000 talents, the cost exacted to pay for the war his father lost.

14. What type of character was
Antiochus Epiphanes?
Daniel11:21 And in his estate shall stand up a vile person, (Heliodorus who was both murderer and usurper) to whom they shall not give the honour of the kingdom: but he (Antiochus IV Epiphanes from BC 175 to 163) shall come in peaceably, and obtain the kingdom by flatteries. 22 And with the arms of a flood shall they (Egyptians) be overflown from before him (Antiochus Epiphanes), and (Egypt) shall be broken; yea, also the prince (Onias the high priest murdered of the covenant (Mosaic).
Fond of practical jokes
Roamed the streets of Athens by night.
Used “flatteries” to obtain his purpose
Worked deceitfully while making a treaty.
Worked “mischief” and lies
Massacres Israel

15. Where was Rome in all of this?
Daniel11:23 And after the league made with him (Ptolemy Philometor) he (Antiochus Epiphanes) shall work deceitfully: for he shall come up, and shall become strong with a small people. 24 He shall enter peaceably even upon the fattest places of the province (Egypt including Memphis and Alexanderia); and he shall do that which his fathers have not done, nor his fathers' fathers; he shall scatter among them the prey, and spoil, and riches (reduced Egypt to a province): yea, and he shall forecast his devices against the strong holds, even for a time.
(Rome was engaged in war against Macedonia (BC )

16. What happened to Ptolemy Philometor?
Daniel11:25 And he (Antiochus Epiphanes) shall stir up his power and his courage against the king of the south with a great army; and the king of the south shall be stirred up to battle with a very great and mighty army (Ptolemy Philometor’s); but he shall not stand: for they shall forecast devices against him (Ptolemy’s own men) . 26 Yea, they that feed of the portion of his meat shall destroy him, and his army shall overflow (be swept away): and many shall fall down slain.
His courtiers turned against him in favour of Ptolemy VIII (Physcon) and drove him out of the kingdom.

17. Antiochus Epiphanes an Abomination!
Daniel 11:27 And both (Antiochus Epiphanes & Physcon [Euergetes VIII] who replaced Ptolemy Philometor) these kings' hearts shall be to do mischief, and they shall speak lies at one table; but it shall not prosper: for yet the end shall be at the time appointed. 28 Then shall he return into his land with great riches; and his heart shall be against the holy covenant; and he shall do exploits (against Jerusalem butchering 40,000 men and boiled swine’s flesh and sprinkled the temple and altar with the broth), “and return to his own land” (Antioch Syria).

18. Who were in the ships of Chittim?
Daniel 11:29 At the time appointed he (Antiochus Epiphanes) shall return, and come toward the south; but it shall not be as the former, or as the latter. 30 For the ships of Chittim (son of Japhet Gen. 10:4 and who settled in Italy) shall come against him (Antiochus Epiphanes): therefore he shall be grieved, and return, and have indignation against the holy covenant: so shall he do; he shall even return, and have intelligence with them that forsake the holy covenant (Menelaus the wicked high priest and apostate Jews).
Rome in its victory over Macedonia had hired the ships of of Chittim (Cyprus) to transport its army to Egypt.
One week before Antiochus Epiphanes arrival at Alexander, Rome rushed to Egypt’s aid and Laenus the Roman general drew a circle in the sand which gave Antiochus no option but to comply and withdraw his army.

19. Partial and full fulfillment
Daniel 11:31 And arms (Daniel sees a new power – Rome) shall stand on his part, and they (Antiochus IV is partial & Rome is the full fulfillment) shall pollute the sanctuary of strength (is the fortified temple), and shall take away the daily sacrifice (partial BC167 & full fulfilment, AD 70) and they shall place the abomination (partial Zeus statue and full fulfillment in AD70, emperor statues) that maketh desolate (desecrates destroying Jewish worship). 32 And such as do wickedly (high priest) against the covenant shall he corrupt by flatteries: but the people that do know their God shall be strong (partial – Maccabees, full fulfillment – Jesus’ disciples), and do exploits (partial – Hasmonean family victories & full fulfillment, Jesus’ disciples spreading the gospel).
Partial and full fulfillment appears often in Bible prophecy to cover multiple time periods.
“abomination” is a false form of worship. Here the partial fulfillment = Statues of Zeus & full fulfillment = Titus statue.

20. Abominations”
Dan.9:27 “for the overspreading of abominations he shall make it (temple) desolate, even until the consummation
BC168 Altar polluted by Antiochus IV.
AD 70 Statue to Titus erected on the temple mount.
Emperor worship began in 29 B.C. with Julius Caesar.
The “abomination” that now exists till the “consummation” was set up in AD 691 is the Dome of the Rock which was erected on the temple mount and exists today.
This stood at the entrance to a Roman temple in Jerusalem.
Titus
"IMP[ERATOR] CAESAR “
Mt.24:15 When ye therefore shall see the abomination of desolation (AD 70 emperor statue), spoken of by Daniel the prophet, stand in the holy place. 16 Then let them which be in Judaea flee into the mountains:

21. God turns to the Gentiles
Daniel 11:33 And they (apostles) that understand among the people shall instruct many (spread of the gospel): yet they (true Christians) shall fall by the sword, and by flame, by captivity, and by spoil, many days. 34 Now when they (true Christians) shall fall (persecution under seals 1-5, Rev. 6:1-11), they shall be holpen with a little help (6th seal AD nominal Christianity replaces Paganism): but many shall cleave to them with flatteries (many joined the apostate Church).
Bible critics conclude: “Daniel 11 to this point was written after the fact and that which follows is so unclear it can’t be used to support inspiration.”
This is the point of major change where the church is the centre of focus and not Israel.

22. Why is this next section so unclear to the Bible critic?
Daniel 11:35 And some of them of understanding shall fall (Church becomes the persecutor for 1260 years), to try them, and to purge, and to make them white, even to the time of the end (Jesus’ return): because it is yet for a time appointed. 36 And the king (= king of fierce countenance 8:23) shall do according to his will; and he shall exalt himself, and magnify himself above every god, and shall speak marvellous things against the God of gods, and shall prosper till the indignation (Rev.16:19 God’s wrath upon it) be accomplished: for that that is determined shall be done.
To none can this apply so fully as the popes who assume infallibility, forgive sins and exalted themselves above kings.
Because the wolf is in sheep’s clothing.

23. Daniel11:37 Neither shall he regard the God of his fathers (Paganism), nor the desire of women (Papal celibacy), nor regard any god: for he shall magnify himself above all. 38 But in his estate shall he honour the God of forces (guardians = saint worship): and a god whom his fathers knew not shall he honour with gold, and silver, and with precious stones, and pleasant things (i.e. St. Sophia, the virgin Mary, Saints of the Catholic calendar).
V.39 Thus shall he (popes) do in the most strong holds (church cathedrals) with a strange god (triune god), whom he shall acknowledge and increase with glory: and he shall cause them (cardinals) to rule over many, and shall divide the land for gain (priest dioceses).

24. King of the North and King of the South
Modern parallel
King of the North and King of the South
Daniel 11:40 And at the time of the end (When Michael shall stand up Dan. 12:1) shall the king of the south (Arabia, Britain and the young lions) push at him: and the king of the north (Gog, Eze. 38) shall come against him (King of the South) like a whirlwind, with chariots, and with horsemen, and with many ships; and he shall enter into the countries, and shall overflow and pass over (Israel).
This is a modern day type of Antiochus IV Epiphanes who controlled Egypt but then ran into Rome. In the future it will be Gog who runs into Christ and his saints.
The difficulty is the King of the South isn’t yet established today.

25. There is an alternative interpretation but it requires the “time of the end” starting 100 years ago with the drying up of the Turkish Ottoman Empire.

26. The King of the South pushed Turkey!
Daniel 11:40 And at the time of the end shall the king of the south (Britain) push at him (Ottoman Turkish Empire WW1, 1917): and the king of the north (Russia) shall come against him (Turkey 20??) like a whirlwind, with chariots, and with horsemen, and with many ships; and he shall enter into the countries, and shall overflow and pass over (Israel).
The “him” is Turkey in WW1 when Britain the King of the South further dried up the Turkish power and took Jerusalem in 1917.
In the future the King of the North shall overwhelm “him” Turkey like a whirlwind.
A difficulty is the “time of the end” must include from 1917 to Dan.12:1 when Michael stands up and v.2 the resurrection & judgment.

27. The King of the South
By December, 1917 Allenby had moved upwards from Egypt and captured Jerusalem. As the first Christian conqueror of the Holy City since the Crusades, Allenby ordered his troops to dismount as a mark of respect when they entered the city. The following year Allenby defeated the remaining Turkish Army in Palestine. A final and conclusive strike at the Battle of Megiddo in September 1918 left the road to Damascus open. 

28. Why does Jordan escape?
2 0 ? ? AD
Daniel11:41 He (Gog, Eze,38) shall enter also into the glorious land (Israel), and many countries shall be overthrown: but these shall escape out of his hand, even Edom, and Moab, and the chief of the children of Ammon (Jordan). 42 He shall stretch forth his hand also upon the countries (Turkey, Syria, Lebanon): and the land of Egypt shall not escape.
This future confederacy led by Gog comes with many ships (v.40) right down the Mediterranean coast but misses Jordan being inland and not on the coast.

29. How do we establish the context?
43 But he (Gog Eze. 38) shall have power over the treasures of gold and of silver, and over all the precious things of Egypt: and the Libyans and the Ethiopians (Eze 38:5) shall be at his steps. 44 But tidings out of the east (Christ/Saints in Sinai, North-East of Egypt) and out of the north shall trouble him (As with Antiochus IV there will arise a new power) therefore he (Gog) shall go forth with great fury to destroy, and utterly to make away many. (Gog will take his frustration upon Israel paralleling Antiochus) 45 And he shall plant the tabernacles of his palace between the seas (Dead Sea and Mediterranean Sea) in the glorious holy mountain (Mt. Zion); yet he shall come to his end, and none shall help him (Eze. 38:22-23).
This last vision of Daniel begins in Dan. 10 with the introduction, chapter 11 vision in depth and Daniel 12 special points. Here Dan.11:40 says this occurs at the “time of the end” and Dan. 12:4 describe the “time of the end”.
Daniel12:4 But thou, O Daniel, shut up the words, and seal the book, even to the time of the end: many shall run to and fro, and knowledge shall be increased.