1. International Trade
BTEC Business

2. Look at the Trade W/S... What is a “Free Trade Zone”? What do they do?
Where are they located?
What’s good/bad about them?
What are trading blocs?
What are import tariffs and why are they used?

3. Trading Blocs
A trading bloc is where a group of nations agree to allow free-trade between themselves but impose tariffs (charges) on other countries who wish to trade with them (E.U).
Some people believe these trading blocs are unfair to non-members as it is more difficult for them to trade.

4. Trade Barriers
the EU’s internal market is about removing barriers to free movement of goods, services, people and capital
the flow of goods and services in the world economy is also important
organisations have been set up to encourage the removal of barriers to free global trade

5. EPZ’s And Free Trade Zones
Export Processing Zones: Labour-intensive manufacturing centres that involve the import of raw materials and the export of factory products.
Free Trade Zones: Where manufacturing does not have to take place for trading privileges to be gained (retailing).

6. Popularity Of EPZ’s... Problems of Indebtedness. Open economies.
Multi-National Corporations to locate.
LEDC’s Offer...
Trade.
Investment (Big/Small).
Taxation.

7. Why the stress on free world trade?
The world economy went into a deep depression in the 1930s, as many countries closed their barriers to trade with other states. This led to:
Mass unemployment
Social upheaval
Rise of fascism and the Second World War

8. How to prevent chaos happening again?
Global powers set up bodies to support international trade
International Monetary Fund
World Bank
All countries encouraged to join these organisations, or face exclusion from benefits of free world trade

9. What do the IMF and World Bank do?
Lends to countries with balance of payments problems
Pushes for economic reforms
Reports on policies in member states

10. What do the IMF and World Bank do?
Aims to help development by advising and lending – with many conditions
Countries encouraged to lift import and export barriers, cut subsidies and remove price controls

11. Criticisms of IMF IMF only lends money if countries agree to:
Sell their resources cheaply
Cut public spending
Critics say this serves to increase the problems of poverty in poor member countries

12. Criticisms of World Bank
Loans depend on countries agreeing a ‘Structural Adjustment Programme’
Leads to rapid increase in price of goods in country
Increases poverty
Lower investment and cut social spending
Little evidence that these policies work

13. What about the World Trade Organisation (WTO)?
The WTO deals with the rules of trade between countries
It developed from the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
WTO agreements set the ground rules for international commerce

14. Why so much outrage over globalisation?
Other than the criticisms raised earlier, opponents of globalisation point to:
Falling share of world trade taken by developing countries
Subsidies and tariffs set by rich developed economies: USA steel tariffs, EU agricultural subsidies are two of the culprits