1. Data and Applications Security Developments and Directions
Dr. Bhavani Thuraisingham
The University of Texas at Dallas
Multilevel Secure Data Management
February 3, 2012

2. Outline What is an MLS/DBMS? Summary of Developments Challenges
MLS/DBMS Designs and Prototypes
Data Models and Functions
Directions

3. What is an MLS/DBMS? Users are cleared at different security levels
Data in the database is assigned different sensitivity levels-- multilevel database
Users share the multilevel database
MLS/DBMS is the software that ensures that users only obtain information at or below their level
In general, a user reads at or below his level and writes at his level

4. Why MLS/DBMS?
Operating systems control access to files; coarser grain of granularity
Database stores relationships between data
Content, Context, and Dynamic access control
Traditional operating systems access control to files is not sufficient
Need multilevel access control for DBMSs

5. Summary of Developments
Early Efforts 1975 – 1982; example: Hinke-Shafer approach
Air Force Summer Study, 1982
Research Prototypes (Integrity Lock, SeaView, LDV, etc.); Present
Trusted Database Interpretation; published 1991
Commercial Products; Present

6. Air Force Summer Study
Air Force convened a summer study to investigate MLS/DBMS designs
Then study was divided into three groups focusing on different aspects
Group 1 investigated the Integrity Lock approach; Trusted subject approach and Distributed approach
Group 2 investigated security for military messaging systems
Group 3 focused on longer-term issues such as inference and aggregation

7. Outcome of the Air Force Summer Study
Report published in 1983
MITRE designed and developed systems based on Integrity Lock and Trust subject architectures
Rome Air Development Center (RADC, now Air Force Research Lab) funded efforts to examine long-term approaches; example: SeaView and LDV both intended to be A1 systems
RADC also funded efforts to examine the distributed approach
Several prototypes and products followed

8. TDI
Trusted Database Interpretation is the Interpretation of the Trusted Computer Systems Evaluation criteria to evaluate commercial products
Classes C1, C2, B1, B2, B3, A1 and Beyond
TCB (Trusted Computing Base Subsetting) for MAC, DAC, etc. (mandatory access control, discretionary access control)
Companion documents for Inference and Aggregation, Auditing, etc.

9. Taxonomy for MLS/DBMSs
Integrity Lock Architecture: Trusted Filter; Untrusted Back-end, Untrusted Front-end. Checksum is computed by the filter based on data content and security level. Checksum recomputed when data is retrieved.
Operating Systems Providing Access Control/ Single Kernel: Multilevel data is partitioned into single level files. Operating system controls access to the filed
Extended Kernel: Kernel extensions for functions such as inference and aggregation and constraint processing
Trusted Subject: DBMS provides access control to its own data such as relations, tuples and attributes
Distributed: Data is partitioned according to security levels; In the partitioned approach, data is not replicated and there is one DBMS per level. In the replicated approach lower level data is replicated at the higher level databases

10. Integrity Lock

11. Operating System Providing Mandatory Access Control

12. Extended Kernel

13. Trusted Subject

14. Distributed Approach - I

15. Distributed Approach II

16. Overview of MLS/DBMS Designs
Hinke-Schaefer (SDC Corporation) Introduced operating system providing mandatory access control
Integrity Lock Prototypes: Two Prototypes developed at MITRE using Ingres and Mistress relational database systems
SeaView: Funded by Rome Air Development Center (RADC) (now Air Force Rome Laboratory) and used operating system providing mandatory access control and introduced polyinstation
Lock Data Views (LDV) : Extended kernel approach developed by Honeywell and funded by RADC and investigated inference and aggregation

17. Overview of MLS/DBMS Designs (Concluded)
ASD, ASD-Views: Developed by TRW based on the Trusted subject approach. ASD Views provided access control on views
SDDBMS: Effort by Unisys funded by RADC and investigated the distributed approach
SINTRA: Developed by Naval Research Laboratory based on the replicated distributed approach
SWORD: Designed at the Defense Research Agency in the UK and there goal was not to have polyinstantiation

18. Some MLS/DBMS Commercial Products Developed (late 1980s, early 1990s)
Oracle (Trusted ORACLE7 and beyond): Hinke-Schafer and Trusted Subject based architectures
Sybase (Secure SQL Server): Trusted subject
ARC Professional Services Group (TRUDATA/SQLSentry): Integrity Lock
Informix (Informix-On-LineSecure): Trusted Subject
Digital Equipment Corporation (SERdb) (this group is now part of Oracle Corp): Trusted Subject
InfoSystems Technology Inc. (Trusted RUBIX): Trusted Subject
Teradata (DBC/1012): Secure Database Machine
Ingres (Ingres Intelligent Database): Trusted Subject

19. Some Challenges: Inference Problem
Inference is the process of forming conclusions from premises
If the conclusions are unauthorized, it becomes a problem
Inference problem in a multilevel environment
Aggregation problem is a special case of the inference problem - collections of data elements is Secret but the individual elements are Unclassified
Association problem: attributes A and B taken together is Secret - individually they are Unclassified

20. Some Challenges: Polyinstantiation
Mechanism to avoid certain signaling channels
Also supports cover stories
Example: John and James have different salaries at different levels

21. Some Challenges: Covert Channel
Database transactions manipulate data locks and covertly pass information
Two transactions T1 and T2; T1 operates at Secret level and T2 operates at Unclassified level
Relation R is classified at Unclassified level
T1 obtains read lock on R and T2 obtains write lock on R
T1 and T2 can manipulate when they request locks and signal one bit information for each attempt and over time T1 could covertly send sensitive information to T1

22. Multilevel Secure Data Model: Classifying Databases

23. Multilevel Secure Data Model: Classifying Relations

24. Multilevel Secure Data Model: Classifying Attributes/Columns

25. Multilevel Secure Data Model: Classifying Tuples/Rows

26. Multilevel Secure Data Model: Classifying Elements

27. Multilevel Secure Data Model: Classifying Views

28. Multilevel Secure Data Model: Classifying Metadata

29. MLS/DBMS Functions Overview

30. MLS/DBMS Functions Secure Query Processing

31. MLS/DBMS Functions Secure Transaction Management

32. MLS/DBMS Functions Secure Integrity Management

33. Status and Directions
MLS/DBMSs have been designed and developed for various kinds of database systems including object systems, deductive systems and distributed systems
Provides an approach to host secure applications
Can use the principles to design privacy preserving database systems
Challenge is to host emerging secure applications including e- commerce and biometrics systems