1. “Culture” Chapter 8 Section 1
**Cathedral in Brazil’s capital

2. 1.1 Indigenous Cultures European Contact:
Indigenous people were permanently changed by the arrival of Europeans
Diseases and war with Europeans killed many native people and reduced their populations
A new population group was introduced… Mestizo
Mestizos are people of mixed European and native ancestry
Some also have African roots, or cultural origins, because of slavery

3. Maintaining Traditions:
The Aymara, Quechua, and Guarani are the 3 largest indigenous groups in South America
The Aymara live in the Andes of Peru and Bolivia
Speak their native language Aymara
Herd llamas and alpacas and grow potatoes and quinoa
The Quechua live in the Andes of Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia
Isolated mountain villages
Religion is a blend of Catholicism and native beliefs
Have traditions in weaving and speaking native Quechua

4. The Guarani live in Paraguay
Roots go back to Guarani and Spanish ancestors
Guarani culture is seen in folk art and Guarani language
The Munduruku live in Brazil
Ancestors farmed, hunted, and fished in rain forest
Adapted to modern world by selling forest products such as latex

5. 1.2 Language Diversity European Influences:
Predominant, or main, South American languages are Spanish and Portuguese
French and Italian are also spoken and known as “Romance” languages that come from Latin
In 1800s, land extending from Mexico through South America became known as Latin America

6. 1.2 Language Diversity Europeans also brought development of Creole
Language results when two other languages are combined
Plantation workers created a blend of European and non-European languages
Gave people who spoke different languages a way to communicate
Indigenous languages still thrive after European influences
More than 500 languages are spoken today
Topography, or physical features, of the land isolated indigenous groups and kept their languages separate from Europeans

7. Indigenous Languages
Some indigenous languages are official languages because of their widespread use
Quechua is in Peru
Guarani is in Paraguay where more people speak Guarani than Spanish
Unlike Quechua and Guarani, there are “endangered languages”
Kallawaya, Saliva, and Maka
Preserving languages helps to preserve the histories, songs, and stories of the cultures that speak them

8. 1.3 Daily Life Religious Practices
Roman Catholicism was main religion during colonial period
Came from Spanish and Portuguese who converted natives to Catholicism
80% are Catholic with Brazil having the largest population
More Europeans immigrated after Spanish and Portuguese
Protestants or Christians who separated from Catholic Church arrived in South America
Local religion called Candomble combines African spiritual practices with Catholicism
Annual Carnival festival mixes Catholic and African celebrations

9. School and Sports Public education provided in every country
Some students still struggle to receive schooling
Rural areas do not have easy access
Might leave school to help earn money for families
Most people are able to read and write
Futbol, known as soccer in the US, is a favorite team competition
Brazilian teams are known for competing in and often winning the World Cup

10. Regional Food
South American cuisine, or food characteristic of a certain place, varies in parts of the continent
Coastal areas enjoy seafood as a main ingredient in stew called paila maria
Uruguay and Argentina often use beef because of grazing land
The mountains of Peru use llamas as a source of meat
Stews with black beans, or feijoadas, rice, and vegetables are common in South America