1. Biological Disciplines Relating To Ecological Study
PHYSIOLOGY
BEHAVIOR
GENETICS
Applied Ecology;
Management
EVOLUTION 7

2. Organization of Biological World
Biosphere
Landscape
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Individual
Organ
Tissue
Cell
Organelle
Atom
INCREASED KNOWLEDGE
INCREASED COMPLEXITY

3. Types of Ecological Study
AUTECOLOGY

4. Types of Ecological Study
SYNECOLOGY

5. Introduction
Frigate bird

6. Introduction
“Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution”
Theodosius Dobzhansky

7. Introduction Major Advances Hypothesis Testing
Testing ideas about how the natural world works
A hypothesis is developed to explain an observed phenomenon.

8. Testing Ideas about How the Natural World Works
Null Hypothesis
Hypothesis of no difference
Alternative Hypothesis
Figure 1.9b
Caption:
(b)Although it is common to see photos of giraffes straining to reach leaves high in trees, these almost always depict dominant bull giraffes, which feed high in vegetation much more frequently than do other individuals. Dominant bulls are a small proportion of the total population

9. Percentage of feeding bites
Most feeding is done below neck height.
Males
Females 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4
Feeding height (meters) 3 3
Figure: 1.9a
Caption:
(a) These data plot the proportion of bites that male and female giraffes take at different heights. The drawings show the average size of a male and female. 2 2 1 1 20 40 20 40
Percentage of feeding bites

10. Testing Ideas about How the Natural World Works
Null Hypothesis
Hypothesis of no difference
Alternative Hypothesis
Figure 1.9b
Caption:
(b)Although it is common to see photos of giraffes straining to reach leaves high in trees, these almost always depict dominant bull giraffes, which feed high in vegetation much more frequently than do other individuals. Dominant bulls are a small proportion of the total population