1. Retrieving Information

2. Retrieval Cues Retrieval cue: A stimulus for remembering
What helps people remember?
Retrieval cue: A stimulus for remembering
The more cues stored with a piece of information, the easier the retrieval

3. Context Dependent Learning
aka = Encoding Specificity

4. Retrieval Cues Context-Dependent Memory State-Dependent Memory
Putting yourself back in the context of something can prime your retrieval.
Recall is better in the room you learned in
Leave room to get something, forget, come back & remember
State-Dependent Memory
Mood-congruent situations: you remember better when in same mood you learned it.

5. Recall & Recognition Recall:
This is a type of memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be “pulled” from memory with very few external cues.
Essay, short answer, fill in blank types of tests
Sometimes recall fails (at least temporarily)
This is called a retrieval failure
“Tip of the tongue” phenomenon.

6. Recall
Serial position effect - tendency of information at the beginning and end of a body of information to be remembered more accurately than information in the middle of the body of information.
Primacy effect - tendency to remember information at the beginning of a body of information better than the information that follows.
Recency effect - tendency to remember information at the end of a body of information better than the information ahead of it.

9. Recall & Recognition Recognition
Recognition - the ability to match a piece of information or a stimulus to a stored image or fact.
Multiple choice, matching-type of tests
Tends to be fairly accurate, especially with images
However, there can be a false positive
Constructive processing: people alter or revise their memories based on new information.

10. Eyewitness Testimony
Constructive processing: What people see and hear after the fact can change their memories
Eyewitness testimony not always reliable
Ronald Cotton trial

11. Misinformation effect
Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event.