1. Why causality, and not prediction, should guide obesity prevention policy 
Arnaud Chiolero 
The Lancet Public Health 
Volume 3, Issue 10, Pages e461-e462 (October 2018)
DOI: /S (18)
Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

2. Figure Simplified causal relationship between obesity and disease
(A) A direct causal effect of obesity on the occurrence of diseases. (B) Diet, physical activity, and other factors have a direct effect on obesity and diseases, but there is no direct effect of obesity on the risk of disease. In both cases, obesity is associated with a loss of disease-free years.
The Lancet Public Health 2018 3, e461-e462DOI: ( /S (18) )
Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions