1. Getting Practical Science transition project
Session 3

2. Session 3 Outcomes
Review the evidence to show effectiveness of a sample of practical activities.
Consider the best model for disseminating training in schools and across clusters.
Customise the training package so that it meets the needs of individual institutions.

3. Reflecting on the gap task
In Key Stage groups discuss the feedback from pupils.
Be prepared to feedback key points to the rest of the group.

4. Reflecting on the effectiveness of practical work
Teacher's objectives
what the pupils are intended to learn
Effectiveness at Level 1
Did pupils do what they were intended to do (and see the things they were meant to see)?
Effectiveness at Level 2
Did pupils learn (and can later show understanding of) what they were intended to learn?
B. Task specification
what the pupils are intended to do
Effectiveness
C. Classroom events
what the pupils actually do
The graphic on this slide is taken from Robin Millar’s work, including Analysing Practical Science Activities to assess and improve their effectiveness, Association for Science Education (2010).
The ideas behind it underpin the aims of the project, which are to consider the effectiveness of any practical activity, by which we mean:
(a) are the pupils doing the things they were intended to do (and hence see the things they were meant to see);
are the pupils learning (and can later recall, or demonstrate understanding of) the things they were meant to learn.
Box A refers to the learning outcomes we are aiming to cover in a particular learning episode.
Box B refers to the task which we choose, and the instructions we give, in order to achieve the learning outcomes.
Box C refers to what our pupils actually do during the task – this may not be what we intended in specifying the task (Box B).
Box D refers to what pupils actually learn from the task – again this may not always be what we intended them to learn (Box A).
The two levels of effectiveness are opportunities for reflection on the effectiveness of practical work.
Problems at level 1 might involve changes in the staging of the task, or intervention during the task.
Problems at level 2 might involve changing the task altogether in order to better achieve the intended learning outcomes.
These ideas will be explored further so there is no need to spend more than a couple of minutes discussing them now. However, it might be worth asking delegates what they think of this flow chart.
Some questions you might ask include:
Do these four boxes accurately represent the process we go through when choosing and/or designing a practical?
Who decides on the intended learning outcomes (ie Box A) for any given practical?
Why would pupils not necessarily do what we expected them to do when designing the task?
Does this matter? If so why (or why not)?
Why would pupils not necessarily learn what we expected them to learn from the practical?
Again, does this matter? If so, why? 1
D. Learning outcomes
what the pupils actually learn 2

5. Presenting your vision for science
Reflect on your vision for science in your school.
Decide what training implications this has.
Prepare a pitch to deliver to your Leadership team and Governors about the future of science in your school – use the prompt cards to help you.

6. Triad madness! Get into triads and present your pitch to each other.
Discuss pitches
give feedback
identify any problems with implementing training.
suggest possible solutions.

7. Overcoming barriers to change
Categories of adopters of innovations
Many of you are familiar with Rogers’ diffusion of innovation theory, even if you didn’t know its formal name. Dr. Everett Rogers is probably most famous for popularizing the following diagram: [from
We often think of this bell curve when we initiate new technology initiatives: Who are the innovators that will jump at this first? When do we start involving folks other than the early adopters? How do we get the rest of the folks (i.e., the late majority and the laggards) on board? And so on…
But Rogers also talked about how the adoption of any innovation (i.e., change) tends to occur in five stages:
awareness,
interest,
evaluation,
trial, and
adoption.
And, importantly, he also discussed what he called perceived characteristics of innovations. These are things considered by potential adopters that affect how likely those potential adopters are to move from awareness to adoption. They are:
relative advantage (the ‘degree to which an innovation is perceived as being better than the idea it supersedes’);
compatibility (‘the degree to which an innovation is perceived to be consistent with the existing values, past experiences and needs of potential adopters’);
complexity (‘the degree to which an innovation is perceived as difficult to use’);
trialability (‘the opportunity to experiment with the innovation on a limited basis’); and
observability (‘the degree to which the results of an innovation are visible to others’).
Innovations that have greater relative advantage, compatibility, trialability, and observability, along with less complexity, generally will be adopted over innovations that do not.
Numerous school technology initiatives fail to result in widespread changes in educator practice. One prevalent reason is because they did not adequately address the very rational concerns that educators have about one or more of these perceived characteristics of innovations. Anyone who is trying to make wide-scale change happen in their school system must address these sufficiently to alleviate the concerns of the late majority and laggards. Otherwise only the innovators and the early adopters will jump on board, along with some, but not all, of the early majority. I’m sure all of you can think of instances of this and hope you will share some in the comments area.
[from

8. What are the qualities that make innovations spread?
Relative advantage
Compatibility with existing values and practices
Simplicity
Trialability
Observable results
Reasons innovations fail
High Cost / Low benefit – people don’t want to invest money or time in them, usually because they perceive the costs outweigh the benefits.
Communication – poor marketing or explanation (eg. fails to address WIIFM).
Demand – there may be no market or audience.

9. Designing a CPD package to use in your school
Use the proforma and website to design your CPD package.

10. Discussion and Feedback
In small groups discuss your CPD plan.
Are there any points from other plans that you would like to include in yours?