1. #4 What should you wear to protect your clothes when in lab?
What should you wear to protect your eyes in lab?
If something breaks what is the FIRST thing you should do?
How should girls wear their hair in lab?
How should your lab station ALWAYS look?
Answers: (1 pt each)
Lab coat/apron
Safety goggles
TELL THE TEACHER!
Tied back
Neat and organized

2. 1

3. Nature of Science
“Science is a particular way of knowing about the world. In science, explanations are limited to those based on observations and experiments that can be substantiated by other scientists. Explanation that cannot be based on empirical evidence are not part of science.”
The National Academy of Sciences 2

4. Nature of Science Science is based on experimentation
The development of an experiment tends to follow the Scientific Method
Ask a question
Conduct background research
Construct a hypothesis
Test your hypothesis in an experiment
Analyze Data
Draw conclusions and communicate them 3

5. 1. Ask a question – often based on observations
Observation: Description of something you can see, smell, touch, taste, hear
NOT an opinion!! (must be objective)
Example:
The ground is wet
Inference: A guess about an object or outcome based on your observations
You can make many inferences from a single observation
Example:
It rained.
Someone was watering the plants 4

6. Practice: Make observations and inferences about the picture.5

7. Ask a question – observations are either…
Qualitative Observation: describes qualities
Examples:
Green liquid
Large hole
Sour taste
Sweet smell
Quantitative Observation: uses numbers to measure something
Examples:
4 feet long
6 legs
7.2 grams
100 mL 6

8. Practice: Make qualitative observations, quantitative observations, and inferences about the picture. 7

9. Considerations for Quantitative Data
Quantitative data must be…
PRECISE = how close your measurements are to each other (think consistent or specific)
ACCURATE = how close your measurement is to the correct/accepted value (think correct)
Always give the most specific reading on your instrument, then estimate one more decimal place 8

10. Precise but not Accurate
Precise and Accurate
Precise but not Accurate
Practice: Label the different bulls-eyes.
Accurate but not Precise
Not Accurate or Precise 9

11. Exit Ticket
Draw a picture of a target with shots that are both Precise and Accurate.

12. Use the pictures below to answer the following questions.#1
Use the pictures below to answer the following questions.
List two qualitative observations.
List one quantitative observation.
List two inferences.
Answers: (point values in parentheses)
The cookies are not circles. The girl has blonde hair. (2)
There are 22 cookies in the pictures. (1)
She took bites out of all of the cookies. The cookies are red velvet. (2)

13. 1. Vocabulary word a. Short & Sweet Definition
(Not glossary definition)
b. Simple Picture
c. Use it in a sentence or
Simile
Can be another tense of the word. Underline word. OR
_________ b/c ____________.(justify)

14. 1. Observation a. Short & Sweet Definition
Description of something using senses
b. Simple Picture
c. Use it in a sentence or
Simile
I observed that the ground was wet. OR
Statement b/c they both involve facts.

15. Vocabulary Cards 1. Observation 2. Inference 3. Qualitative
4. Quantitate
5. Precision
6. Accuracy
Vocabulary Cards

16. #5 Answer TRUE or FALSE for the following 5 statements.
Safety goggles must be worn at all times while working in the laboratory, even when cleaning up after an experiment.
The fire blanket should be used to smother chemicals that have caught fire.
Hot plates should be turned off whenever not in use, unless they are going to be used again in a minute or two.
It is occasionally permissible to taste substances in the lab to determine their identity.
The teacher should be notified of all chemical spills, unless they are very minor.
Answers: (1 pt each)
True
False – always turn off when you are walking away or not using!!
False – never eat ANYTHING unless I tell you you can!
False – tell me of EVERY chemical spill.

17. 2. Conduct background research – define a Purpose/Objective
The GOAL of scientific investigations is to answer a question
Observations  Questions  Research (what has already been found?)  Purpose
Purpose/Objective is a statement that clearly shows what question you are trying to answer in your investigation 10

18. 3. Construct a Hypothesis
Hypothesis: A testable prediction based on observations (more than a guess!!) that describes a cause and effect relationship between variables
Format for a Hypothesis:
“IF (IV) then (DV) “
IV = Independent variable = Cause
DV = Dependent variable = Effect 11

19. Defining Independent and Dependent Variables
Independent Variable: (IV) what the experimenter will deliberately change or manipulate in the investigation
The X-Axis on a graph
It is the ONLY thing different between different experimental groups
Ex. You want to do an experiment to see if what you drink before a race affects how quickly you run.
What is the IV? 12

20. Defining Independent and Dependent Variables
Dependent Variable: (DV) what changes in response to the independent variable
The Y-Axis on a graph
Usually represented by the data you collect in an investigation; what is measured
Ex. Recall the running experiment.
What is the DV? 13

21. Individual Practice Get out p 8: Understanding Hypothesis
Homework if not finished
Work on Vocab cards when finished.

22. 1. Observation a. Short & Sweet Definition
Description of something using senses
b. Simple Picture
c. Use it in a sentence or
Simile
I observed that the ground was wet. OR
Statement b/c they both involve facts.

23. Exit Ticket
Which variable does the experimenter change in a scientific investigation?

24. #6 What is the best glassware for performing small chemical reactions?
What is the best glassware for measuring?
What is a petri dish used for?
In a graduated cylinder, what is the bottom of the curve in the liquid called that you are supposed to measure to?
What type of shoes are best to wear during lab?
Answers: (1 pt each)
Test tube
Graduated cylinder
Growing bacteria cultures
Meniscus
Close toed shoes

25. 4. Test your hypothesis in an experiment- Materials
What will you need to conduct the experiment?
Include amounts
Include brands, if important
Be as specific as possible!
Write as a bulleted list 14

26. Test your hypothesis in an experiment- Procedures
Write out every step that was taken
Start with an action word
Include every step so that someone could replicate the experiment
Make this a numbered list
When designing experimental procedures you must ALWAYS consider…
Experimental Group: groups that are being tested
What is the experimental group in the running example? 15

27. When designing experimental procedures you must ALWAYS consider…
Control Group: group used for comparison with your experimental groups. This is the “normal” group
What is the control group in the running example?
Constants: the aspects of an experiment that are held constant/consistent
Ensures that all aspects of trials are identical, except for the IV
Ensures that any difference measured in the DV is caused only by the IV
Ex. All runners should be the same age, gender, same breakfast, same training, same shoes, etc. 16

28. When designing experimental procedures you must ALWAYS consider…
Repeated Trials to:
Ensure the results aren’t due to chance
Eliminate any errors
Ensure the data is precise 17

29. Individual Practice Get out p 9: Understanding Hypothesis
Homework if not finished
Work on Vocab cards when finished.

30. Exit Ticket
Something that stays the same between experimental groups and control groups is called a ________.

31. #7 1. What is the independent variable in the hypothesis below?
If a student attends afterschool tutoring, then they will score higher on their test than students who do not attend tutoring.
2. What is the dependent variable in the hypothesis above?
3. Write a hypothesis using these IV and DV
IV = Different amounts of fertilizer
DV = Plant growth
Answers:
Whether or not they attend tutoring/amount of tutoring (1)
Test scores (1)
If the amount of fertilizer increases, then the plant growth will increase. (3) Answers will vary. Grade on proper format.

32. Exit Ticket
Why is it important to have constants between groups in today’s experiment?

33. #8
I want to design an experiment to see if drinking coffee makes students score higher on tests.
What is the independent variable in this experiment?
What is the dependent variable in this experiment?
What would be the control group in this experiment?
4. What would be the experimental group in this experiment?
5. List a necessary constant.
Answers: (1 pt each)
Amount of coffee
Test Score
No coffee or water (answer may vary, as long as it is something normal to be used for comparison)
Different amounts of coffee
Same test, same age of students, same type of coffee, etc. Answers will vary.

34. 5. Analyze Data – Results and Analysis Results
Collect data in an organized form during an investigation (ex. Data Table)
Present data in a graph
Analysis
Only make statements about what the data shows
Do NOT state in analysis whether your hypothesis was “right” or “wrong”
Include any errors you made

35. 6. Draw conclusions and communicate them
Make an explicit statement about whether your hypothesis was supported or rejected by your experimental data
Data may support your prediction
Data may fail to support (reject) your prediction
NOTE: Data does NOT prove/disprove
State the real world application.

36. Individual Practice Get out p 12, 13: Product Control Group
Experimental group
Difference

38. On which axis do you plot the independent variable?
Exit Ticket
On which axis do you plot the independent variable?