1. 23 November
Today’s Bell Ringer
Can you remember the two ways that cells divide and the names of those phases?
At the end of this section, students will be able to:
explain how new cells are created
explain why maintaining chromosome number during cell division is important and how sexual and asexual reproduction may contribute or limit genetic variation
describe cancer as uncontrolled cell growth that may have resulted from mutations affecting cell cycle-regulating proteins

2. Hypothesis
If I place snails and elodea in separate test tubes than the snails will produce
more carbon dioxide than the elodea because the snails respire more than
plant do. or
If I place snails and elodea in the same test tube and expose one set of test tubes to
24 hours of light and one set in 24 hours of dark, than there will be less carbon
dioxide in the solution in the light after 24 hours because plant photosynthesize,
in light and take up carbon dioxide, reduce the amount of that gas in solution.
Identify your independent variable
The number of snails in a test tube
The number of elodea plants in a test tube
Light or dark
The set up for my control was:

4. Define the following from Chapter 5:
What is the importance of maintaining the same chromosome number at the end of cell division?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction?
Cytokinesis –
Mitosis (purpose) –
Meiosis (purpose) –
Chromosome –
Study Guide Questions:
Pg. 43 – do all
Pg #s 5, 6, 9, 12, & 13
Pg #s 1 & 3
Pg #s 5, the diagram, 7 & 8

5. Today’s Bell Ringer What is Interphase?
24 November
Today’s Bell Ringer
What is Interphase?
What is happening during the Synthesis phase?
What is happening during prophase?
What is happening during metaphase?
What is happening during anaphase?
What is happening during telophase?
What is happening during cytokinesis?

6. The cell cycle has four main stages.
The cell cycle is a regular pattern of growth, DNA replication, and cell division.

7. Gap 1 (G1): cell growth and normal functions
The main stages of the cell cycle are gap 1, synthesis, gap 2, and mitosis.
Gap 1 (G1): cell growth and normal functions
DNA synthesis (S): copies DNA
Gap 2 (G2): additional growth
Mitosis (M): includes division of the cell nucleus (mitosis) and division of the cell cytoplasm (cytokinesis)
Mitosis occurs only if the cell is large enough and the DNA undamaged.
Mitosis

8. The object for today is to observe and draw the phases of mitosis.
Label the chromosomes and spindle fibers
Cytokinesis

9. 30 November
Today’s Bell Ringer
With your book and notebook closed, write all the components of the
cell cycle.
What do you remember about each phase?
What is the end result of mitosis?

10. The cell cycle has four main stages.
The cell cycle is a regular pattern of growth, DNA replication, and cell division.

11. Asexual reproduction – Binary fission – Centrioles – Autosome –
Define the following:
Diploid (2n) –
Haploid (n) –
Asexual reproduction –
Binary fission –
Centrioles –
Autosome –
Somatic cell –
Cancer –
Diploid vs. haploid cells
Cell cycle and cancer
Cancer animation

13. Today’s Bell Ringer 1 December DNA in Gap 1 of Interphase
DNA in Prophase
A sister chromatid refers to either of the two identical copies (chromatids) formed by the replication of a single chromosome, with both copies joined together by a common centromere.
The centromere is the part of a chromosome that links sister chromatids. During mitosis, spindle fibers attach to the centromere

25. Mitosis and cytokinesis produce two genetically identical daughter cells.
Parent cell
centrioles
spindle fibers
centrosome
nucleus with
DNA
Interphase prepares the cell to divide.
During interphase, the DNA is duplicated.
Chromosomes condense tightly for mitosis.

26. Mitosis divides the cell’s nucleus in four phases.
During prophase, chromosomes condense, the nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle fibers form.

27. During metaphase, chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
Mitosis divides the cell’s nucleus in four phases.
During metaphase, chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

28. Mitosis divides the cell’s nucleus in four phases.
During anaphase, sister chromatids separate to opposite sides of the cell.

29. Mitosis divides the cell’s nucleus in four phases.
During telophase, the new nuclei form and chromosomes begin to uncoil.

30. In animal cells, the membrane pinches closed.
Cytokinesis differs in animal and plant cells.
In animal cells, the membrane pinches closed.
In plant cells, a cell plate forms.

31. Dec 3 and 4 were the field trip days to Spruce Creek Park
Students worked on questions from a packet that covered Mitosis and Meiosis

32. 7 December
Today’s Bell Ringer
In the “Chapter 12: Cell Cycle” packet, please check to see if you
have completed the following questions.
1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 14, 15, 16, 17, 23, 27, 28, 30, 33, 42, 45, 46, & 47
Dr. Spence will discuss # 42, 45, & 46 on Wednesday
We will review these answers in 20 minutes

33. Today’s Bell Ringer Define the following: Crossing over –
8 December
Today’s Bell Ringer
Goal for today is to understand
that genetic diversity is due to Prophase I of meiosis.
Define the following:
Crossing over –
Sex chromosomes –
Reduction division –
What is the end result of meiosis?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction. (make a table)

35. Today’s Bell Ringer 8 December Study Guide Questions:
Pg. 53 – all questions
Pg. 54 – 9 – 15
Pg. 55 – all questions
Then page 48, the Concept Map and questions 10, 11, & 12
Please do these
Study Guide Questions:

36. You have body cells and gametes.
Body cells are also called somatic cells.
Somatic cells make up most body tissue and organs, not passed on to offspring.
Gametes (germ cells)
located in the ovaries and testes.
Gametes are sex cells: egg and sperm.
Gametes are the cells that pass traits to offspring (children).
body cells
sex cells (sperm)

37. Your cells have autosomes and sex chromosomes.
Your body cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Homologous pairs of chromosomes have the same structure.
For each homologous pair, one chromosome comes from each parent.
Chromosome pairs 1-22 are autosomes. These contain genes not directly related to gender.
Sex chromosomes, X and Y, determine gender in mammals.

38. Body cells are diploid; gametes are haploid.
Fertilization between egg and sperm occurs in sexual reproduction.
Diploid (2n) cells have two copies of every chromosome.
Body cells are diploid, and divide by mitosis.
Half the chromosomes come from each parent.
How many chromosomes are present?

39. Haploid (n) cells have one copy of every chromosome.
Gametes are haploid, result from meiosis.
Gametes have 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome.
How many chromosomes are present?

40. Meiosis makes haploid cells from diploid cells.
Meiosis occurs in sex cells.
Meiosis produces gametes.

41. Chromosome number must be maintained in animals.
Many plants have more than two copies of each chromosome.
Mitosis and meiosis are types of nuclear division that make different types of cells.
Mitosis makes more diploid cells.

42. Today’s Bell Ringer Define the following: Apoptosis – Cancer –
10 December
Today’s Bell Ringer
Define the following:
Apoptosis –
Cancer –
Benign –
Malignant –
Metastasize –
Carcinogens –
Goal for today is to understand
what happens when cells grow out
of control.

43. Apoptosis is programmed cell death.
a normal feature of healthy organisms
caused by a cell’s production of self-destructive enzymes
occurs in development of infants
webbed fingers

44. KEY CONCEPT Cell cycle regulation is necessary for healthy growth.

45. Internal and external factors regulate cell division.
External factors include physical and chemical signals.
Growth factors are proteins that stimulate cell division.
Cell-to cell contact: most mammal cells form a single layer in a culture dish and stop dividing once they touch other cells.

46. Carcinogens are substances known to promote cancer.
Standard cancer treatments typically kill both cancerous and healthy cells.

47. Cancer cells do not carry out necessary functions.
Cancer cells come from normal cells with damage to genes involved in cell-cycle regulation.

48. Cell division is uncontrolled in cancer.
Cancer cells form disorganized clumps called tumors.
Benign tumors remain clustered and can be removed.
Malignant tumors metastasize, or break away, and can form more tumors.
cancer cell
bloodstream
normal cell

49. Begin review for Monday’s test.
The test will cover:
Photosynthesis
Respiration
cell cycle
mitosis
Meiosis
cancer.

50. process in the table below?
Can you list the features unique to each
process in the table below?
Mitosis
Meiosis

51. Do you understand the difference between the following reproductive strategies?
Asexual reproduction –
Binary fission –
Is it more advantageous for an organism to be asexual?

52. Binary fission is similar in function to mitosis.
Asexual reproduction is the creation of offspring from a single parent.
Binary fission produces two daughter cells genetically identical to the parent cell.
Binary fission occurs in prokaryotes.
parent cell
DNA
duplicates
cell begins
to divide
daughter
cells

53. Fragmentation is the splitting of the parent into pieces that each grow into a new organism.
Vegetative reproduction forms a new plant from the modification of a stem or underground structure on the parent plant.

54. 1) What is the end result of mitosis?
2) What is the end result of meiosis?
3) What are homologous chromosomes?
4) What happens to the chromosomes during
Prophase I of meiosis?
5) What are the difference between plant and animal mitosis?
Spencer Wells

55. Why do cells occur in different sizes?
How big should cells be?
Why do cells occur in different sizes?

56. Cell size is limited. Too small: not enough space for organelles
Too large: not enough material can move across surface

57. Cell growth is coordinated with division.
Surface area must allow for adequate exchange of materials.
Cell growth is coordinated with division.
Cells that must be large have unique shapes.

58. Cells divide at different rates.
The rate of cell division varies with the need for those types of cells.
Some cells will never divide, perpetual (G0).

59. Chromosomes condense at the start of mitosis.
A chromosome is one long continuous thread of DNA.
DNA wraps around proteins (histones) that condense it.
DNA double helix
DNA and histones
Chromatin
Supercoiled DNA

60. One half of a duplicated chromosome is a chromatid.
DNA plus proteins is called chromatin, which is formed during interphase.
centromere
Condensed, duplicated chromosome
One half of a duplicated chromosome is a chromatid.
Sister chromatids are held together at the centromere.

61. Sister Chromatids