1. Predictive Markers for the Efficacy of Anti–PD-1/PD-L1 Antibodies in Lung Cancer 
Takehito Shukuya, MD, PhD, David P. Carbone, MD, PhD 
Journal of Thoracic Oncology 
Volume 11, Issue 7, Pages (July 2016)
DOI: /j.jtho
Copyright © 2016 International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
Examples of programmed death protein 1 (PD-L1) immunohistochemical analysis using 28-8 (Dako, Carpentaria, CA), SP142 (Spring Bioscience, Pleasanton, CA), SP263 (Spring Bioscience), and E1L3N (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA).
Courtesy of Dr. Yasushi Yatabe, Aichi Cancer Center.
Journal of Thoracic Oncology  , DOI: ( /j.jtho )
Copyright © 2016 International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
Programmed death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) mechanisms. Tumor antigens are presented by tumor cells and antigen presenting cells (APCs), including macrophages. T cells are activated with the recognition of tumor antigens. On the other hand, upon recognition of tumor antigens, T cells produce interferon gamma (IFN-γ), which drives PD-L1 expression in the tumor microenvironment. PD-L1 binds PD-1, and this causes a suppressive signal to T cells, leading to T-cell dysfunction and tumor survival. TCR, T-cell receptor; MHC, major histocompatibility complex.
Journal of Thoracic Oncology  , DOI: ( /j.jtho )
Copyright © 2016 International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer Terms and Conditions