1. Enlightenment Era

2. Scientific Revolution Leads to Enlightenment
: European scientists using reason to discover laws of nature
Very successful: Planetary movements, chemistry, vaccine for smallpox, etc.

3. Use of Reason
Early 1700’s: If people used reason to find laws that governed the physical world, why not use reason to discover natural laws?
Laws that govern human nature
Reformers begin studying human nature and societal problems

4. Belief- Philosophers
Every social, political and economic problem could be solved through the use of reason
John Locke Baron de Montesquieu Jean Jacques Rousseau

5. Social Contract
The most significant of the theories is that of the “social contract,” developed by seventeenth and eighteenth century philosophers. It challenged the idea of divine right.

6. Enlightenment Thinkers
In terms of the American political system
the most significant of the theories is that
of the “social contract,”
Developed by seventeenth
and eighteenth century
philosophers.
It challenged the idea
of divine right.

7. John Locke
Tn Two Treatises on Civil Government (1690) Locke wrote that the social contract creates a limited government which relies on the “consent of the governed.” Government’s job is to secure people’s natural rights (life, liberty, and property) which all people have simply because they are human beings. If government fails to preserve the rights of the people, the people could justly break the contract.

8. Jean Jacques Rousseau
French philosopher who wrote in The Social Contract (1762) that people alone had the right to determine how they should be governed and that the main duty of government should be to maintain as much freedom as possible in a civilized society.

9. Baron Montesquieu
He wrote in The Spirit of the Laws (1748) that no one person should make, enforce, and interpret the laws,
proposed a division of government powers into three separate branches with different duties

10. Economy
Laissez-Faire: allowing business to operate with little or no government interference.
Adam Smith: Free market should be allowed to regulate business activity
Manufacturing, trade, wages, profits and economic growth are all linked to the market forces of supply and demand.