1. title
Support and movement

2. 14.1 What is support? 14.2 Support in mammals 14.3 Support in plants
Support and movement
content
14.1 What is support?
14.2 Support in mammals
14.3 Support in plants
14.4 Locomotion in mammals

3. reduces friction with ground
14.1 What is support?
take up particular shapes
kept in particular positions
allows bodies
important for animals
SUPPORT SYSTEM
important for plants
helps movement
raises body above ground
gives particular shapes (e.g. streamlined shape of fish)
helps plants to stand upright to get more sunlight
reduces friction with ground

4. 14.2 Support in mammals SUPPORT SYSTEM muscular system skeleton

5. The skeleton Skeleton consists of : bones cartilage hard
made up mainly of minerals
found between bones
softer
reduces friction during movement
e.g. calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate

6. The skeleton Mammalian skeleton is divided into two main parts:
skull
Mammalian skeleton is divided into two main parts:
rib (12pairs)
sternum
1 The axial skeleton
middle part of the skeleton
for support and protection of internal organs
consists of
vertebral column
skull
(made up of vertebrae)
sternum
rib
vertebral column

7. The skeleton Mammalian skeleton is divided into two main parts:
pectoral girdle
Mammalian skeleton is divided into two main parts:
humerus
radius
2 The appendicular skeleton
pelvic girdle
joins limbs to spine
developed to allow movement
consists of
limb bones
pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle
ulna
femur
knee cap
tibia
fibula

8. Examination of a mammal skeleton
Carry out Practical 14.1
Examination of a mammal skeleton

9. The skeleton What the skeleton does? skull brain eye heart lungs
vertebrae
spinal cord
3 Movement
2 Protecting internal organs of the body
1 Support

10. The skeleton What the skeleton does? bone marrow
Ca2+
Ca2+
Ca2+
Ca2+
4 Producing blood cells
5 Storage of minerals such as calcium

11. The muscular system muscular system many different sets of muscles
tendons
tough sheets of inelastic fibres
allow muscles to control the way bones move
the two ends of each muscle are attached to the limb bones through tendons
Muscles are attached to bones through tendons

12. The muscular system Muscles as part of the support system
If the forces of the muscles acting on both sides of two adjacent bones are balanced
A skeleton falls down
if let loose because nothing joins the bones together
bones will be kept in the same position

13. 14.3 Support in plants SUPPORT SYSTEM Hardness of thick- walled cells
Turgidity of cells

14. > Turgidity of cells Inside stem of herbaceous plants
If adequate water supply,
Cells become turgid
water potential of living cells
water potential of xylem
>
water move from xylem to living cells in stems
Turgid cells press against each other to give support to the plant

15. < Turgidity of cells Inside stem of herbaceous plants
If inadequate water supply,
Cells become flaccid
water potential of living cells
water potential of xylem
<
Flaccid cells cannot provide support to the plant
The plant wilts

16. mostly xylem cells which contain lignin
The hardness of thick-walled cells
Plants are also supported by thick-walled cells
mostly xylem cells which contain lignin
As plant grows, older xylem tissues in stems are pushed inwards and become wood.

17. Carry out Practical 14.2
Examination of transverse sections of a young herbaceous plant stem and an older woody plant stem with microscope

18. 14.4 Locomotion in mammals joint ligament
flexible, elastic fibres
the place where two bones meet
At the joint, two bones do not directly touch each other ,they are held by ligament
cartilage
reduces wear
synovial fluid
reduces friction
As ligament is flexible, the joint allow the limb bones to move
synovial membrane
secretes synovial fluid
Structure of a movable joint

19. How do mammals move?
Movement is caused by coordinated contractions and relaxations of antagonistic muscles
Body can move from one place to another
when limbs push or pull against the ground/other surface
LOCOMOTION
pair of muscles carry out opposite actions in movement

20. How do mammals move? Antagonistic muscles flexor extensor
bends a joint on contraction
straightens a joint on contraction
How contraction and relaxation of opposing muscles brings about movement of the lower arm

21. The lever principle of movement For example:
Advantage: x < y indicates a small movement in effort load to a large movement in load
load on arm = load on lever
joint = fulcrum
contraction of the biceps = effort
The elbow joint
A lever y
effort x
contraction of biceps
joint
fulcrum
load
load

22. Different degrees of movement
Joints
movable
fixed
(e.g. between different bones of skull)
Hinge joint
Ball and socket joint
move in one plane and one direction only
move in many directions
ball
socket
hinge

23. Examination of the movement of knee, elbow, hip and shoulder joints
Carry out Practical 14.3
Examination of the movement of knee, elbow, hip and shoulder joints

24. Please click to continue...
Concept diagram
Support
in plants provided by
in animals
provided by
maintaining a
particular
position
shape
action of on
attached by
tendons to
skeleton
muscles
turgidity
of cells
thick-walled
xylem cells
consists of
contain
lignin
axial
skeleton
appendicular
skeleton
Please click to continue...

25. Please click to continue...
Concept diagram
muscles
attached by tendons to
axial
skeleton
appendicular
skeleton
made
up of
made
up of
girdles
limb bones
skull
vertebral
column
ribs and
sternum
Please click to continue...

26. Concept diagram Locomotion in mammals joints limb bones
involves
between
act on
joints
limb bones
skeletal muscles
function in
pairs involving
can be
ball and
socket
joints
hinge
joints
flexor
e.g. biceps
extensor
e.g.triceps