1. The Role of Carbon in Organisms
Life substances
The Role of Carbon in Organisms

2. How many different words can you make from the letters: R T A E ?
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How many different words can you make from the letters: R T A E ?

3. ???
Think about the amount of words you could make from only 4 letters. Now explain how only 90 natural elements could form all of the different substances on Earth.

4. Structure of carbon 4 electrons in its outer shell = 4 covalent bonds
Allows for different shapes of structures
Allows for diversity in carbon compounds

5. Structure of carbon
Isomers – compounds that have the same chemical formula, but differ in three dimensional shape.
Polymers of carbon are large molecules made from many smaller carbon molecule units (sugars  starches)

6. Carbohydrates Provide energy (esp. for nervous system) C, H, O - 1:2:1
Simple sugars = monosaccharides
Monosaccharides can link together to form a polysaccharide – starch

7. Lipids Mostly carbon and hydrogen w/ very little oxygen
Fats, oils, steroids
Glycerol “backbone” w/ fatty acids attached = glyceride
Functions: energy storage, insulation, protective coverings; major component in membranes

9. Proteins Made of C, H, O, N, and sometime S
Monomer = amino acid (20 common ones)
Combinations of amino acids can make thousands of different 3-D proteins

10. Proteins
Amino acids are linked together through dehydration synthesis creating a peptide bond
Enzyme is a protein catalyst; it is used to speed up a reaction, usually by lowering its activation energy, but is not used up in the reaction

12. Complex molecule used to store hereditary info
Nucleic Acids
Complex molecule used to store hereditary info
Monomers = nucleotide = sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group
Made up of C, H, N, P, and O

13. Found in DNA and RNA – named for the sugar found on the nucleotides
Nucleic Acids
Found in DNA and RNA – named for the sugar found on the nucleotides
DNA is the gene sequence found in all organisms
RNA is used in protein synthesis in various ways