1. Introduction to GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS
V L. Swaminathan
Formerly Asst Director, NNRMS/RRSSC

2. SPATIAL DATA DOMAIN INVOLVES FOUR M’S MODELING MAPPING MONITORING
MEASUREMENT
MAPPING
MONITORING
LANDUSE
HYDROLOGY
VEGETATION T1 T2 T3
INVOLVES FOUR M’S

3. SPATIAL DATA DOMAIN- MEASUREMENT
MODELING
MEASUREMENT
MAPPING
MONITORING
LANDUSE
HYDROLOGY
VEGETATION T1 T2 T3
ACQUISITION OF DATA
NATURAL RESOURCES SURVEY
POLLUTANT MEASUREMENT
INVENTORY OF LAND HOLDINGS
RECORD OF TRAFFIC FLOW

4. SPATIAL DATA DOMAIN- MAPPING
MODELING
MEASUREMENT
MAPPING
MONITORING
LANDUSE
HYDROLOGY
VEGETATION T1 T2 T3
PROCESSING TO YIELD INTELLIGIBLE INFORMATION
PRESENTATION OF MEASUREMENTS ALONGWITH THIER SPATIAL CONTEXT

5. SPATIAL DATA DOMAIN- MONITORING
MODELING
MEASUREMENT
MAPPING
MONITORING
LANDUSE
HYDROLOGY
VEGETATION T1 T2 T3
PROCESSING WITH TIME DIMENSION FOR TRACKING CHANGES
LANDUSE
FOREST WORKING PLANS
LAND RECORDS
UTILITY MAINTENANCE RECORDS

6. SPATIAL DATA DOMAIN- MODELING
MEASUREMENT
MAPPING
MONITORING
LANDUSE
HYDROLOGY
VEGETATION T1 T2 T3
REPRESENTING SPATALLY RELATED SYSTEMS FOR ANALYSIS FOR
PREDICTING FUTURE SCENARIOS
STRATEGIC ANALYSIS AND RATIONAL DECISION SUPPORT
REDUCING COST OF IMPLEMENTATION

7. SPATIAL DATA DOMAIN - ROLE OF GIS
MODELING
MEASUREMENT
MAPPING
MONITORING
LANDUSE
HYDROLOGY
VEGETATION T1 T2 T3
PRIMARILY DATA HANDLING
MAPPING
MONITORING
MODELING

8. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)
PROVIDES MECHANISM FOR MANAGING, INTEGRATING, VARIOUS GEO-REFERENCED DATA SETS AND ANALYSING THEM TOGETHER IN ORDER TO GENERATE INFORMATION FOR PLANNING NEEDS IN A GIVEN CONTEXT.
DATA, INFORMATION, KNOWLEDGE, DATABASE, DATABASE MGMT SYSTEM, G I S
DATA
BASE
INFO
ANAL

9. EFFECTIVE PLANNING AND DECISION MAKING
FOR
NATURAL/ MANMADE RESOURCES AND/ OR ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION
REQUIRES
RELIABLE- ACCURATE, TIMELY, REPETITIVE & UPTODATE INFORMATION
NOT JUST DATA

10. INFORMATION SYSTEMS APPROACH
SYSTEMATIC METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
PURPOSEFUL, STRUCTURED, NON-REDUNDANT DATA STORAGE
EASY & USER FRIENDLY INFORMATION RETRIEVAL
FLEXIBLE MANIPULATION/ ANALYSIS OF THE UNDERLYING DATA ELEMENTS
GENERATION/ PRESENTATION OF MEANINGFUL INFORMATION AND NOT JUST DATA
RELATED TO MULTIPLE PLANNING/ DECISION MAKING NEEDS.

11. RECAP DATA KNOWLEDGE INFORMATION
SET OF OBSERVATIONS
CAPACITY CONS. RATE
PEN-A
PEN-B
DOES NOT CONVEY ANYTHING UNLESS ANALYSED
INFORMATION
DERIVED FROM DATA APPLYING ANALYSIS LOGIC
PEN-B WORKS LONGER THAN A
CONVEYS SOME MEANING & PROMPTS DECISION/ ACTION
BUY PEN B
KNOWLEDGE
IS IN-HERENT TO HUMAN THINKING PROCESS
PEN IS USED FOR WRITTING

12. ......RECAP DATABASE DATABASE MGMT SYSTEM - PROVIDES TOOLS FOR
STRUCTURED AND PURPOSEFUL STORAGE OF DATASETS
DATABASE MGMT SYSTEM - PROVIDES TOOLS FOR
STRUCTURED, SYSTEMATIC, SHARABLE, NON-REDUNDANT STORAGE OF DATA
STORAGE TRANSPARENCY, INTEGRITY, FLEXIBLE QUERY AND MULTIPLE USER VIEWS OF THE UNDERLYING DATABASE
FORMS AN INTEGRAL PART OF ANY INFORMATION SYSTEM
INFORMATION SYSTEM (IS) - INCORPORATES
DBMS FUNCTIONS
A SET OF ANALYSIS MODULES WHICH SELECTIVELY RETRIEVE AND MANIPULATE THE DATA
OUTPUT MODULES WHICH PRESENT THE ANALYSED RESULTS (INFORMATION) IN THE CONTEXT OF GIVEN PLANNING NEEDS.
DATA IS FED INTO IS -INFORMATION GENERATED OUT OF I S
WE DO NOT DEAL WITH KNOWLEDGE IN I S

13. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)
PROVIDES MECHANISM FOR MANAGING, INTEGRATING, VARIOUS GEO-REFERENCED DATA SETS AND ANALYSING THEM TOGETHER IN ORDER TO GENERATE INFORMATION FOR PLANNING NEEDS IN A GIVEN CONTEXT.
LIKE ANY OTHER INFORMATION SYSTEM, PRIMARILY AN INPUT- OUTPUT SYSTEM

14. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)
PROVIDES MECHANISM FOR MANAGING, INTEGRATING, VARIOUS GEO-REFERENCED DATA SETS AND ANALYSING THEM TOGETHER IN ORDER TO GENERATE INFORMATION FOR PLANNING NEEDS IN A GIVEN CONTEXT.
LIKE ANY OTHER INFORMATION SYSTEM, PRIMARILY AN INPUT- OUTPUT SYSTEM
DATA
BASE
INFO
ANAL

15. DATA COMPONENTS IN GIS G E O G R A P H I C D A T A T1 T2
Temporal
Dimension
LOCATIONAL DATA
(Spatial)
NON-LOCATIONAL
(Description)
T1 T2
Measured x-y
Topological
Relation
Var Class Val Name
Point Line Poly Grid Net.
Soil Sand
Fine
Coarse

16. NATURAL RESOURCES & ENVIRONMENT DATA
GENERAL RESOURCES
LANDUSE, FOREST TYPES, SOILS, WATER, WATERSHEDS, GEOLOGY, GEOMORPHOLOGY, CLIMATE, ROADS ETC, TOPOGRAPHY
POLITICAL BOUNDARIES
STATE, DISTRICT, TALUKA, VILLAGES, ELECTORAL UNITS, MUNICIPALITIES, FOREST RANGES, COMPARTMENTS ETC
DATA FROM MODELS
GROUNDWATER FLOW, SOIL PRODUCTIVITY, TIMBER GROWTH, WATER EROSION, WIND EROSION ETC
LOCATIONAL DATA
LATITUDE/ LONGITUDE, STATE PLANE CO-ORDINATES - NOT JUST POSTAL ADDRESS
SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA
POPULATION CENSUS- (DEMOGRAPHY, OCCUPATION), ECONOMIC CENSUS
AGRICULTURE CENSUS- (CROPS, YIELDS, LIVESTOCK ETC)
LABOUR FORCE STAT- EMPLOYMENT EXCHANGES
LAND RECORDS- OWNERSHIP, TAXATION, CROP AREAS
INFRASTRUCTURE- ROADS, POWERLINES, WATER LINES, SEWAGE ETC
ADMINISTRATIVE RECORDS- VEHICLES, TAX RETURNS ETC

17. REMOTE SENSING & GIS GIS REMOTE SENSING
MECHANISM FOR INTEGRATING GEO-REFERENCED DATA SETS FROM VARIETY OF SOURCES IN DIFFERENT FORMATS
COMPACT & EFFICIENT DATA MANAGEMENT
EASY & USER FRIENDLY DATA RETRIEVAL
FLEXIBLE DATA MANIPULATION/ MODELLING/ ANALYSIS
PRESENTATION OF INFORMATION AS PER PLANNING/ DECISION MAKING NEEDS
GIS COULD BE A REPOSITORY OF VARIOUS OTHER DATA SETS WHICH COULD BE USED AS SUPPORT TO RS DATA ANALYSIS
REMOTE SENSING
DATA GENERATION ON NATURAL AS WELL AS MAN MADE RESOURCES
SYSTEMATICALLY
OBJECTIVELY
IN SPATIAL FORM
REPEATEDLY
GIVING SYNOPTIC VIEW
TOOL FOR QUICKLY CREATING CURRENT, CONSISTENT DATA SETS - INPUT TO GIS

18. REMOTE SENSING & GIS
REMOTE SENSING - TOOL FOR QUICKLY CREATING CURRENT, CONSISTENT DATA INPUTS FOR GIS
GIS - REPOSITORY OF VARIOUS OTHER DATA SETS WHICH COULD BE USED AS SUPPORT TO RS DATA ANALYSIS
TWO WAY ASSOCIATION - BUT MOST IMPORTANTLY
THE TWO TECHNOLOGIES COMBINED WITH CONVENTIONAL METHODS OPEN-UP POSSIBILITIES FOR REALIZING INTEGRATED SPATIAL/ NON-SPATIAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS
NFMDC- MIN OF FOREST & ENV, DISNIC - NIC- PLANNING COMMISSION
NNRMS/NRIS- DOS, NRDMS- DST

19. GIS - H/W COMPONENTS PRINTER DIGITIZER PROCESSING PLOTTER SCANNER
STORAGE

20. GIS S/W COMPONENTS INPUT STORAGE RETRIEVAL ANALYSIS OUTPUT MGMT
SUBSYSTEM
COMPONENTS
INPUT
DIGITIZING EDITING TRANSFORMATION IMPORT
STORAGE
FORMAT SIZE MEDIUM DATA-STRUCTURE
RETRIEVAL
DBMS WHAT-IS-THIS WHERE-IS-THIS ....
OVERLAY PROXIMITY CONECTIVITY D
SPATIAL NON-SPATIAL
ANALYSIS
OUTPUT
DISPLAY-DEVICES CARTOGRAPHY DIAGRAMS
MGMT
EVALUATION SELECTION ORGANIZATN INFO-USE

21. GIS APPLICATIONS ENGINEERING MAPPING AUTOMATED PHOTOGRAMMETRY
TAX MAPPING (CADASTRAL)
HIGHWAY MAPPING
UTILITY/ FACILITY MAPPING/ MGMT
CENSUS MAPPING, WELL LOG DATA MAPPING
LANDUSE PLANNING/ MGMT
ENVIRONMENT IMPACT STUDIES
NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
FORESTS, AGRICULTURE ETC
ROUTING - HIGHWAYS, PIPELINES ....
URBAN & REGIONAL PLANNING

22. GIS TECHNOLOGY ENDUSE PERSPECTIVES
GIS APPLICATIONS DOMAIN VERY WIDE
DIFFICULT TO COVER ALL AREAS
FEW ENDUSE PERSPECTIVES FOLLOWS

23. INTEGRATED DATABASE MULTIPLE MAP LAYERS , SEAMLESSNESS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
LANDCOVER
SOILS
DRAINAGE
ELEVATION
TRANSPORT
ADMN UNITS
SETTLEMENTS
WASTELANDS
BASE/
REFERENCE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

24. INTEGRATED DATABASE SPATIAL NON-SPATIAL VIL CODE 1:1 RELATION
LANDCOVER
SOILS
DRAINAGE
ELEVATION
TRANSPORT
VILLAGE BOUND
SETTLEMENTS
WASTELANDS
CODE POPULATION
OCCUPATION
AGR FACILITY
MED. FACILITY
FINANCIAL
DERIVED
INDICES
VIL
CODE
1:1 RELATION
NATURAL RESOURCES, INFRASTRUCTURE DEMOGRAPHY

25. INTEGRATED DATABASE MULTIPLE USER VIEWS
LANDCOVER
SOILS
DRAINAGE
ELEVATION
TRANSPORT
VILLAGE BOUND
SETTLEMENTS
WASTELANDS
SPATIAL
NON-SPATIAL
AGRICULTURE
FORESTRY
RURAL DEV
INFRASTRUCT
TALUKA
WATER-
SHED
RANGE

26. Thank you