1. Period 1: Technological & Environmental Transformations
Midterm Content ONLY and was taught in Chapter 1, 2, & 3.
Period 1: Technological & Environmental Transformations
To 600 B.C.E.

2. Key Concept 1.1

3. KC 1.1: Archeological evidence indicates that during the Paleolithic era, hunting-foraging bands of humans gradually migrated from their origin in East Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americans, adapting their technology and cultures to new climate regions
1.1.IA: fire- sterilized and made food; provided warmth; protection; allowed migration to colder areas (allowed more adaptation to different climates); adapted to surroundings vs. surroundings adapting to them; meat consumption led to tool use (bones) Harnessing use of fire from “Mankind the Story of Us”

4. KC 1.1: Archeological evidence indicates that during the Paleolithic era, hunting-foraging bands of humans gradually migrated from their origin in East Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americans, adapting their technology and cultures to new climate regions
1.1.IB: nomadic (small groups based on family); would marry off their own to other groups to create new trading partners; relatively equal in genders; no material possessions, or at least very little; lots of leisure time to come up with some art and begin thinking of religion; leaders would arise when necessary, but no full time leaders

5. Big Geography draws attention to the GLOBAL nature of world history
During Paleolithic period humans migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas
Hunting and gathering = food supply
No agriculture yet

6. Early people adapted to different climates and developed various technologies
Humans developed diverse tools – including the use of fire
People lived in small groups that developed basic social, economic, and political activity – NOT CITIES YET

7. A branch of agriculture—called pastoralism—began around the same time as cultivation of plants. Pastoralism is the domestication and herding of animals such as goats, sheep, and cattle.
Key Concept 1.2

8. KC 1.2.I: Beginning about 100,000 ago, the Neolithic Revolution led to the development of more complex economic and social system
1.2.IA: NEAR WATER (RIVER VALLEYS) Mesopotamia, Nile, Sub-Saharan Africa, Indus River, Yellow/Huang He River)
1.2.IB: rice, barley, wheat and corn (maize), potatoes, cattle, goats, dogs
1.2.IC: herding animals and followed them; overgrazing an area when settling, which led to erosion
1.2.ID: clear land and manipulate environment- irrigation (water wells); pottery for storage, plows, textiles, metallurgy, wheeled vehicles; more cooperation; would get crops from other areas and trade and led to more erosion

9. KC 1.2.II: Agriculture and pastoralism began to transform human societies
1.2.IIA: increase in population, specialization of labor (artisans and warriors and elites), new classes/stratification (hierarchies, classes and castes, wealthy, and patriarchy); more stability, follow seasons of planting, dependence on nature led to religions based on nature (worshipped reproduction and fertility); more people; surpluses of food>> who gets the extra?>>> inequality
1.2.IIB: Pottery, Plows, Woven Textiles, Wheels and Wheeled Vehicles, Metallurgy
1.2.IIC: warriors were important (first militaries) and were probably nomads like the Mongols of Central Asia; men became leaders, but no one’s really sure of an exact answer why a patriarch formed

10. 10,000 years ago certain communities adopted first uses of agriculture
Culminated into BIGGEST event in human history!!!!!!!!!
NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
This means the invention of agriculture and animal domestication
Increased birth rate
Allowed early cities to develop

11. Farming communities worked together for the following:
People in each region domesticated locally available plants and animals
Farming communities worked together for the following:
Clear land
Create water control systems
Both affected their environment

12. Agricultural communities developed in the following area:
Mesopotamia (Middle East)
Nile River Valley (Egypt)
Sub-Saharan Africa
Indus River Valley (India)
Yellow River Valley (China)
Papua New Guinea (Oceania)
Mesoamerica (Mexico & Central America)
The Andes (South America)

14. While other communities continued H & G or pastoral lifestyles
Pastoral = nomadic animal herders
Developed in Afro-Eurasian grasslands, which affected their environment

15. Both pastoralism and agriculture led to more reliable and abundant food supplies
Led to the following:
Increased population
Specialization of labor
New classes included elites, warriors, and artisans

16. Key Concept 1.3

17. KC 1.3.I: What core and foundational civilizations developed in a variety of geographical and environmental settings where agriculture flourished? Describe them
1.3.I: Mesopotamia, Egypt, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, Shang, Zhou, Olmec, Chavin
Large powerful states, agricultural surpluses>>specialization; had religion, armies, etc.; traded with other areas; war and wealth went hand in hand

19. KC 1.3.II: The first states emerged within core civilizations in Mesopotamia and the Nile Valley
1.3.IIA: leaders gained support from religion (divine right) and also relied on support of military, religious or aristocratic elites
1.3.IIB: -bronze (better tools, more agr); iron (better), food; growing pops. Hittites- first to use iron
1.3.IIC: Composite bows; Iron Weapons; Chariots, Horseback riding

20. KC 1.3.III: Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art
1.3.IIIA: Ziggurats; Pyramids; Temples; Defensive walls ; Streets and roads; Sewage and water systems
1.3.IIIB: - Cuneiform; Hieroglyphs; Pictographs; Alphabets; quipu (makes it easier to create laws, record business transactions, keep records, pictures made it easy for an illiterate public to “read” important things,
1.3.IIIC: Code of Hammurabi (Babylonia) (reinforced social and gender roles; look at adultery, treatment of slaves, harshness of punishments based on wealth and class;

21. KC 1.3.III: Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art
1.3.IIID: Vedic- Aryans crossed into Pakistan and India; had religious hymns known as the Vedas; sacrificed cows and other animals; created the caste system; contemplated the meaning of life; teachings- Upanishads (karma, reincarnation, leads to Hinduism) -Judaism/Hebrew Monotheism- Abraham (orig. from Mesopotamia); monotheistic- all others are false gods; obvi leads to Christianity and Islam; God (Yahweh) is personal and directly interacts with humans; Abraham has 2 sons (Isaac and Ishmael) -Zoroastrianism- Persia (before Islam); good God vs. evil God, but good God will win; Zarathrustra talked about final judgment, eternal life for the good, hell for bad

22. KC 1.3.III: Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art
1.3.IIIE: Trade between Egypt and Nubia (ivory, gold, slaves, cultural ideas, hieroglyphs, pyramids, religion) Trade between Mesopotamia and Indus Valley (metals, stones, textiles, grain, pots, pearls)
1.3.IIIF: more social classes; patriarchy prevails due to religion, laws, and customs

23. By 5,000 B.C.E. urban societies appeared and laid the foundations for the development of complex civilizations
Usually these early civilizations emerged where agriculture flourished

24. Early civilizations include:
Mesopotamia – Tigris & Euphrates River valleys
Egypt – Nile River valley
Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa – Indus River Valley
Shang – Yellow (Huang He) River Valley
Olmec – Mesoamerica
Chavin – South America

26. Increased technology led to improvements in agricultural production, trade and transportation
Pottery
Wheels
Also patriarchal forms of social organizations developed in both lifestyles
Patriarchal = male dominated society

27. States were powerful new systems of gov’t
They mobilized surplus labor and resources over large areas
Led by rulers
Usually claimed divine connections to power
Relied on military, religion, and nobility (wealthy landowners)

28. As states grew and competed, the ones with better resources, people, food, and military expanded
Those who didn’t become absorbed
Pastoralists often created new weapons and transportation out of necessity
Eventually trickled down to agricultural areas

29. New weapons New transportation Composite bows Iron weapons Chariots
Horseback riding

30. Culture developed in civilizations and acted as a unifier
Culture included laws, language, literature, religion, myths, art and architecture
Architecture
Ziggurats
Pyramids
Defensive walls

31. Writing Used for record keeping and creative writing
Mainly pictographic
Examples of record keeping
Cuneiform
Hieroglyphics
Examples of legal codes
Code of Hammurabi (Babylonia)
Code of Ur-Nammu (Sumer)

32. Legal codes allowed for gov’ts to rule and hierarchies to be protected
Religious beliefs developed during this period
Vedic religion of India
Hebrew monotheism – Judaism
Zoroastrianism

33. Increased exchanges grew as long- distance trade developed
LD Trade occurred between the following:
Mesopotamia and Egypt
Egypt and Nubia
Mesopotamia and Indus Valley
China and SW Asia

34. Population movements increased as well
Indo-European – Eurasia
Bantu - Africa
Social hierarchy and patriarchy intensified during this time as states and cities expanded